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is so much larger that

Толкование Перевод

1 the ratio is so much larger that

Математика: данное отношение настолько выше, что

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the ratio is so much larger that
2 to most it will seem that it plays a much larger part ...

• большинству покажется, что это играет гораздо большую роль...

English-Russian dictionary of phrases and cliches for a specialist researcher > to most it will seem that it plays a much larger part ...
3 much

comparative of; see more

much adj pron mucho

there isn't much time no hay mucho tiempo

did it rain much? ¿llovió mucho?

Se emplea sobre todo en las frases negativas e interrogativas, en las frases afirmativas se emplea a lot

it rained a lot llovió mucho

there is a lot of sugar in this tea hay mucho azúcar en este té

much

tr[mʌʧ]

adjective (comp more, superl most)

1 mucho,-a

■ we haven't got much bread no tenemos mucho pan

■ he didn't have much time no tenía mucho tiempo

■ we've made too much jam hemos hecho demasiada mermelada

■ why is there so much traffic? ¿por qué hay tanto tráfico?

■ take as much time as you need tómate tanto tiempo como necesites

■ how much money have you got? ¿cuánto dinero tienes?

pronoun

1 mucho

■ there's not much to do round here no hay mucho que hacer por aquí

■ much has been learned from this experience se ha aprendido mucho de esta experiencia

■ much remains to be seen queda mucho por ver

■ how much is it? ¿cuánto vale?

■ we don't see much of each other nos vemos poco, no nos vemos muy a menudo

■ I slept much of the time dormí durante la mayor parte del tiempo

adverb

1 mucho

■ he felt much better se encontraba mucho mejor

■ it's much more expensive es mucho más caro

■ she didn't say very much no dijo gran cosa

■ thank you ever so much muchísimas gracias

■ I'm very much looking forward to meeting you tengo muchísimas ganas de conocerte

■ much to her chagrin para gran disgusto suyo

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

a bit much un poco demasiado, un poco excesivo,-a

as much (equal) equivalente a 2 (the same) lo mismo

■ that's as much as saying I'm a thief eso equivale a decir que soy un ladrón

■ I thought as much ya lo suponía

it is as much as somebody can do to... apenas..., a duras penas...

■ it was as much as I could do to restrain myself apenas pude contenerme

much as (although) por mucho que + subj

■ much as I'd like to por mucho que quisiera

to be much the same ser más o menos igual, ser más o menos iguales

not to be much of a... no ser muy buen,-na...

■ he's not much of a singer no es muy buen cantante, no canta muy bien

not to be much good at something no ser muy bueno,-a en algo

that's not saying much eso no significa gran cosa, eso no es mucho decir

to make much of something dar mucha importancia a algo

to not be up to much no valer gran cosa

without so much as sin siquiera

much ['mʌʧ] adv, more ['mor] ; most ['mo:st] : mucho

I'm much happier: estoy mucho más contenta

she talks as much as I do: habla tanto como yo

much adj, more ; most : mucho

it has much validity: tiene mucha validez

too much time: demasiado tiempo

much pron

: mucho, -cha

I don't need much: no necesito mucho

much

adj.

• asaz adj.

• mucho, -a adj.

adv.

• casi adv.

• con mucho adv.

• mucho adv.

• muy adv.

• más o menos adv.

n.

• mucho s.m.

pron.

• mucho pron.

I mʌtʃ
adjective mucho, -cha

I don't earn very much money — no gano mucho dinero

$2 too much — 2 dólares de más

without much effort — sin mucho or sin demasiado esfuerzo

I do as much work as anybody — trabajo tanto como cualquiera

use as much paper as you need — utiliza todo el papel que necesites

too much coffee/water — demasiado café/demasiada agua

how much coffee/milk? — ¿cuánto café/cuánta leche?

II

pronoun mucho, -cha

an ice cream isn't much of a meal — un helado no es comida

he's not much of a swimmer — no nada muy bien

what do you think of the new boss? - not much — (colloq) ¿qué te parece el nuevo jefe? - no gran cosa (fam)

do you see much of the Smiths? — ¿ves mucho a los Smith?, ¿ves a menudo a los Smith?

she won, though not by much o (BrE also) though there wasn't much in it — ganó, pero por poco

how much does it cost? — ¿cuánto cuesta?

much of the day — gran parte or la mayor parte del día

the cat eats as much as the dog — el gato come tanto como el perro

I've done as much as I can — he hecho todo lo que he podido

three times as much as yesterday — tres veces más que ayer

you can lose as much as 2 kilos in one week — puedes adelgazar hasta dos kilos en una semana

I thought/suspected as much — (ya) me lo figuraba

you need twice as much — necesitas el doble

and as much again — y otro tanto

without so much as a goodbye — sin decir ni adiós

if you so much as touch him, I'll kill you! — como le llegues a poner la mano encima, te mato

so much for true love! — pues si eso es amor...! (iró)

however much she eats — coma lo que coma

you've drunk too much — has bebido demasiado

it's a bit much! — ya es demasiado!, es pasarse un poco! (fam)

it's not up to much — no vale gran cosa

III

adverb

1)

a) ( to large extent) mucho

I like it very much — me gusta mucho

it is snowing, but not much — está nevando, pero poco or no mucho

I much prefer dogs to cats — me gustan mucho más los perros que los gatos

I'd very much like to meet her — me gustaría mucho conocerla

you deserve the prize just as much as I do — te mereces el premio tanto como yo

the house is as much mine as yours — la casa es tan mía como tuya

so much the better — tanto mejor

you talk too much — hablas demasiado

much to my surprise — para mi gran sorpresa

b) ( often) mucho

she doesn't get out as much as she used to — no sale tanto como antes or como solía

2) (before adj, adv) mucho

your house is much older than mine — tu casa es mucho más vieja que la mía

this church is much the larger of the two — de las dos iglesias ésta es, con mucho, la más grande

I'm much too busy to do it — estoy demasiado ocupada para hacerlo

I'd much rather be at home — preferiría mil veces estar en mi casa

it won't be much different from mine — no será muy distinto del mío

3) (more or less, approximately)

he was of much the same opinion — en gran medida opinaba igual

one bed is much like another — todas las camas son parecidas

[mʌtʃ]
1.

ADJ mucho

there isn't much time — no tenemos mucho tiempo, tenemos poco tiempo

much crime goes unreported — hay muchos crímenes que no se denuncian

• I haven't got as much energy as you — no tengo tanta energía como tú

• how much sugar do you want? — ¿cuánto azúcar quieres?

• so much tea — tanto té

she's got so much energy — tiene tanta energía

• too much jam — demasiada mermelada f

we haven't got too much time — no tenemos demasiado tiempo

• very much — mucho

we haven't very much time — no tenemos mucho tiempo, tenemos poco tiempo

• without much money — sin mucho dinero

2. ADV

1) (=a lot) mucho; (before pp) muy

she doesn't go out much — no sale mucho

it doesn't much matter, it doesn't matter much — no importa mucho

I much regret that... — siento mucho que...

it won't finish much before midnight — no terminará mucho antes de la media noche

much better — mucho mejor

he's much richer than I am or than me — es mucho más rico que yo

much pleased — muy satisfecho

• much as I would like to go — a pesar de que me gustaría mucho ir, aunque me gustaría mucho ir

much as I should like to — por mucho que quisiera

much as I like him — aunque or a pesar de que me gusta mucho

much as he hated the idea... — a pesar de lo que odiaba la idea...

much as I respect her ideas, I still think she's wrong — a pesar de que respeto mucho sus ideas or aunque respeto mucho sus ideas, creo que está equivocada

• however much he tries — por mucho que se esfuerce

• I hardly know her, much less her mother — apenas la conozco, y mucho menos a su madre

• not much — no mucho

• thank you (ever) so much — muchísimas gracias, muy agradecido

I feel ever so much better — me siento muchísimo mejor

• much though I like him — por mucho que él me guste

much though he hated the idea, he knew that... — a pesar de lo que odiaba la idea, sabía que...

he had reservations about the scheme, much though he valued Alison's opinions — tenía sus dudas respecto al plan, a pesar de que valoraba mucho las opiniones de Alison

• much to my astonishment — para gran sorpresa mía

• he talks too much — habla demasiado

• very much — mucho

I enjoyed myself very much — me divertí mucho

2) (=by far) con mucho

much the biggest — con mucho el más grande

I would much rather stay — prefiero mucho más quedarme

3) (=more or less) más o menos, casi

they're much the same size — tienen más o menos el mismo tamaño

they are much of an age — tienen casi la misma edad

3.

PRON mucho

there isn't much to do — no hay mucho que hacer

but much remains to be done — pero queda mucho que or por hacer

• you've got as much as she has — tienes tanto como ella

it didn't cost as much as I had expected — no costó tanto como yo me esperaba

it can cost as much as $2,000 — puede llegar a costar 2.000 dólares

• that's a bit much! * — ¡eso es demasiado!

• there isn't much in it — (between alternatives) no hay mucha diferencia, no va mucho de uno a otro

• how much is it a kilo? — ¿cuánto vale el kilo?

how much does it cost? — ¿cuánto cuesta?

she won but there wasn't much in it — ganó, pero no por mucho

• she's not much to look at — físicamente no vale mucho

• to make much of sth — dar mucha importancia a algo

• much of this is true — gran parte de esto es verdad

we don't see much of each other — no nos vemos mucho

we haven't heard much of him lately — últimamente apenas sabemos nada de él

I'm not much of a musician — sé muy poco de música, entiendo poco de música

I'm not much of a cook — no cocino muy bien

he's not much of a player — como jugador no vale mucho

that wasn't much of a dinner — eso apenas se podía llamar cena

• we spent so much — gastamos tanto

I've got so much to do — tengo tantísimo que hacer

• that's too much — eso es demasiado

• it's not up to much * — no vale gran cosa

* * *

I [mʌtʃ]
adjective mucho, -cha

I don't earn very much money — no gano mucho dinero

$2 too much — 2 dólares de más

without much effort — sin mucho or sin demasiado esfuerzo

I do as much work as anybody — trabajo tanto como cualquiera

use as much paper as you need — utiliza todo el papel que necesites

too much coffee/water — demasiado café/demasiada agua

how much coffee/milk? — ¿cuánto café/cuánta leche?

II

pronoun mucho, -cha

an ice cream isn't much of a meal — un helado no es comida

he's not much of a swimmer — no nada muy bien

what do you think of the new boss? - not much — (colloq) ¿qué te parece el nuevo jefe? - no gran cosa (fam)

do you see much of the Smiths? — ¿ves mucho a los Smith?, ¿ves a menudo a los Smith?

she won, though not by much o (BrE also) though there wasn't much in it — ganó, pero por poco

how much does it cost? — ¿cuánto cuesta?

much of the day — gran parte or la mayor parte del día

the cat eats as much as the dog — el gato come tanto como el perro

I've done as much as I can — he hecho todo lo que he podido

three times as much as yesterday — tres veces más que ayer

you can lose as much as 2 kilos in one week — puedes adelgazar hasta dos kilos en una semana

I thought/suspected as much — (ya) me lo figuraba

you need twice as much — necesitas el doble

and as much again — y otro tanto

without so much as a goodbye — sin decir ni adiós

if you so much as touch him, I'll kill you! — como le llegues a poner la mano encima, te mato

so much for true love! — pues si eso es amor...! (iró)

however much she eats — coma lo que coma

you've drunk too much — has bebido demasiado

it's a bit much! — ya es demasiado!, es pasarse un poco! (fam)

it's not up to much — no vale gran cosa

III

adverb

1)

a) ( to large extent) mucho

I like it very much — me gusta mucho

it is snowing, but not much — está nevando, pero poco or no mucho

I much prefer dogs to cats — me gustan mucho más los perros que los gatos

I'd very much like to meet her — me gustaría mucho conocerla

you deserve the prize just as much as I do — te mereces el premio tanto como yo

the house is as much mine as yours — la casa es tan mía como tuya

so much the better — tanto mejor

you talk too much — hablas demasiado

much to my surprise — para mi gran sorpresa

b) ( often) mucho

she doesn't get out as much as she used to — no sale tanto como antes or como solía

2) (before adj, adv) mucho

your house is much older than mine — tu casa es mucho más vieja que la mía

this church is much the larger of the two — de las dos iglesias ésta es, con mucho, la más grande

I'm much too busy to do it — estoy demasiado ocupada para hacerlo

I'd much rather be at home — preferiría mil veces estar en mi casa

it won't be much different from mine — no será muy distinto del mío

3) (more or less, approximately)

he was of much the same opinion — en gran medida opinaba igual

one bed is much like another — todas las camas son parecidas

English-spanish dictionary > much
4 much

1. adjective,
more, most

1) viel; groß [Erleichterung, Sorge, Dankbarkeit]

with much love — voller Liebe

he never eats much breakfast/lunch — er isst nicht viel zum Frühstück/zu Mittag

too much — zu viel indekl.

2)

be a bit much — (coll.) ein bisschen zu viel sein; (fig.) ein bisschen zu weit gehen
2. noun;
see also academic.ru/47990/more">more 2.; most 2.; vieles

we don't see much of her any more — wir sehen sie kaum noch

that doesn't come or amount to much — es kommt nicht viel dabei heraus

he/this beer isn't up to much — (coll.) mit ihm/diesem Bier ist nicht viel los (ugs.)

spend much of the day/week doing something — den Großteil des Tages/der Woche damit verbringen, etwas zu tun

they have done much to improve the situation — sie haben viel für die Verbesserung der Situation getan

not be much of a cinema-goer — etc. (coll.) kein großer Kinogänger usw. sein (ugs.)

it isn't much of a bicycle — es ist kein besonders tolles Fahrrad (ugs.)

not be much to look at — nicht sehr ansehnlich sein

it's as much as she can do to get up the stairs — sie kommt gerade noch die Treppe hinauf

I expected/thought as much — das habe ich erwartet/mir gedacht

you are as much to blame as he is — du bist ebenso sehr schuld wie er

without so much as saying goodbye — ohne auch nur auf Wiedersehen zu sagen
3. adverb,
more, most

1) modifying comparatives viel [besser]

much more lively/happy/attractive — viel lebhafter/glücklicher/ attraktiver

2) modifying superlatives mit Abstand [der/die/das beste, schlechteste, klügste usw.]

3) modifying passive participles and predicative adjectives sehr

he is much improved — (in health) es geht ihm viel besser

4) modifying verbs (greatly) sehr [lieben, mögen, genießen]; (often) oft [sehen, treffen, besuchen]; (frequently) viel

I don't much like him or like him much — ich mag ihn nicht besonders

not go much on somebody/something — (coll.) nicht viel von jemandem/etwas halten

it doesn't matter much — es ist nicht so wichtig

I would much prefer to stay at home — ich würde viel lieber zu Hause bleiben

much to my surprise/annoyance, I found that... — zu meiner großen Überraschung/Verärgerung stellte ich fest, dass...

5) (approximately) fast

[pretty or very] much the same — fast [genau] der-/die-/dasselbe

6)

much as or though — (although) sosehr... auch

much as he disliked the idea — sosehr ihm die Idee auch missfiel

much as I should like to go — so gern ich auch gehen würde

* * *

comparative of; see more

* * *

much

[mʌtʃ]

I. adj

<more, most>

+ sing viel

there wasn't \much post es kam nicht viel Post

how \much...? wie viel...?

how \much time have we got? wie viel Zeit bleibt uns?

half/twice as \much halb/doppelt so viel

not/so \much nicht/so viel

[\much] too \much [viel] zu viel

a bit too \much etwas [o ein bisschen] [zu] viel

II. pron

1. (relative amount) viel

this \much is certain so viel [o eines] ist sicher

I don't know \much about fishing ich hab nicht viel Ahnung vom Angeln

he left without so \much as an apology er ging ohne auch nur ein Wort der Entschuldigung

half/twice as \much halb/doppelt so viel

too \much zu viel

2. (great deal) viel

\much of what you say is right vieles von dem, was Sie sagen, ist richtig

you didn't miss \much Sie haben nicht viel verpasst

well, I guess our picnic won't come to \much ich glaube, aus unserem Picknick wird nichts werden

my new stereo isn't up to \much meine neue Anlage taugt nicht viel fam

I'm not up to \much really (not much planned) ich hab nicht viel vor; (not fit for much) mit mir ist nicht viel los fam

3. with neg ( pej: poor example)

I've never been \much of a dancer ich habe noch nie gut tanzen können

she's not \much of a believer in horoscopes sie glaubt nicht wirklich an Horoskope

he's not \much to look at er sieht nicht gerade umwerfend aus

4. (larger part)

\much of the day der Großteil des Tages

\much of sb's time ein Großteil von jds Zeit

5. (be redundant)

so \much for... das war's dann wohl mit...

the car's broken down again — so \much for the trip to the seaside das Auto ist schon wieder kaputt — das war's dann wohl mit unserem Ausflug ans Meer

6. with interrog

how \much is it? was kostet das?

III. adv

<more, most>

1. (greatly) sehr

we would very \much like to come wir würden sehr gerne kommen

she would \much rather have her baby at home than in the hospital sie würde ihr Kind viel lieber zu Hause als im Krankenhaus zur Welt bringen

I've been feeling \much healthier lately ich fühle mich in letzter Zeit viel besser

\much to our surprise zu unserer großen Überraschung

to not be \much good at sth in etw dat nicht sehr gut sein

2. (by far) bei Weitem

she's \much the best person for the job sie ist bei Weitem die Beste für den Job

3. (nearly) fast

things around here are \much as always hier ist alles beim Alten

as \much as so gut wie

he as \much as admitted that... er hat so gut wie zugegeben, dass...

\much the same fast so

I am feeling \much the same as yesterday ich fühle mich ungefähr genauso wie gestern

4. (specifying degree)

as \much as so viel wie

I like him as \much as you do ich mag ihn genauso sehr wie du

they fought with each other as \much as ever sie stritten sich wie eh und je

so \much so [sehr]

it hurts so \much to see him like that es tut so weh, ihn so zu sehen

I wanted so \much to meet you ich wollte dich unbedingt treffen

very \much sehr

thank you very \much herzlichen Dank

that's very \much the done thing around here das ist hier so üblich

5. (exactly that) genau das

I had expected as \much so etwas hatte ich schon erwartet

it was as \much as I could do to get out of bed ich konnte gerade noch aufstehen

6. (often) häufig

we don't go out \much wir gehen nicht viel [o oft] weg

do you see \much of her? siehst du sie öfters?

7. (setting up a contrast)

they're not so \much lovers as friends sie sind eher Freunde als ein Liebespaar

IV. conj (although) auch wenn, wenngleich geh

\much as I like you,... so gern ich dich auch mag,...

\much as I would like to help you,... so gerne ich euch auch helfen würde,...

he can barely boil an egg, \much less cook a proper dinner er kann kaum ein Ei kochen, geschweige denn eine richtige Mahlzeit

however \much you dislike her... wie unsympathisch sie dir auch sein mag,...

* * *
[mʌtʃ]
1. adj, n

1) viel inv

how much — wie viel inv

not much — nicht viel

that much — so viel

but that much I do know — aber DAS weiß ich

much of this is true — viel or vieles daran ist wahr

we don't see much of each other — wir sehen uns nicht oft or nur selten

he's/it's not up to much (inf) — er/es ist nicht gerade berühmt (inf)

I'm not much of a musician/cook/player — ich bin nicht sehr musikalisch/keine große Köchin/kein (besonders) guter Spieler

not much of a choice — keine große Auswahl

that wasn't much of a dinner/party — das Essen/die Party war nicht gerade besonders

I find that a bit (too) much after all I've done for him — nach allem was ich für ihn getan habe, finde ich das ein ziemlich starkes Stück (inf)

2)

to be too much for sb (in quantity) — zu viel für jdn sein

that insult was too much for me —

the sight of her face was too much for me ( inf = outrageous ) —, = outrageous ) ihr Gesicht war zum Schreien (inf)

these children are/this job is too much for me — ich bin den Kindern/der Arbeit nicht gewachsen

he'd be too much for anybody — er wäre für jeden eine Zumutung

he doesn't do too much — er tut nicht übermäßig viel

far too much, too much by half — viel zu viel

3)

(just) as much — ebenso viel inv, genauso viel inv

about/not as much —

three times as much — dreimal so viel

as much as you want/can etc — so viel du willst/kannst etc

as much as possible —

he spends as much as he earns — er gibt (genau)so viel aus, wie er verdient

they hope to raise as much as £2m — sie hoffen, nicht weniger als zwei Millionen Pfund aufzubringen

as much again — noch einmal so viel

I feared/thought etc as much — (genau) das habe ich befürchtet/mir gedacht etc

it's as much as I can do to stand up — es fällt mir schwer genug aufzustehen

as much as to say... — was so viel heißt or bedeutet wie...

4)

so much — so viel inv; (emph so, with following that) so viel

it's not so much a problem of modernization as... —

you know so much — du weißt so viel

See:

→ also so

5)

to make much of sb/sth — viel Wind um jdn/etw machen

Glasgow makes much of its large number of parks — Glasgow rühmt sich seiner vielen Parks

I couldn't make much of that chapter — mit dem Kapitel konnte ich nicht viel anfangen (inf)

2. adv

1) (with adj, adv) viel; (with vb) sehr; (with vb of physical action) drive, sleep, think, talk, laugh etc viel; come, visit, go out etc oft, viel (inf)

a much-admired/-married woman —

he was much dismayed/embarrassed etc — er war sehr bestürzt/verlegen etc

so much — so viel; so sehr

too much — zu viel, zu sehr

I like it very/so much — es gefällt mir sehr gut/so gut or so sehr

I don't like him/it too much — ich kann ihn/es nicht besonders leiden

thank you very much — vielen Dank

thank you ( ever) so much — vielen herzlichen Dank

I don't much care or care much — es ist mir ziemlich egal

however much he tries —

much to my astonishment much as I should like to — sehr zu meinem Erstaunen so gern ich möchte

much as I like him — sosehr ich ihn mag

there wasn't enough water to drink, much less wash in — es gab nicht genug Wasser zu trinken, ganz zu schweigen, um sich damit zu waschen

See:

→ also so

2) (= by far) weitaus, bei Weitem

much the biggest — weitaus or bei Weitem der/die/das größte

I would much prefer to or much rather stay — ich würde viel lieber bleiben

3) (= almost) beinahe

they are much of an age or much the same age —

they're ( fairly) much the same size — sie sind beinahe or so ziemlich gleich groß

they are produced in much the same way — sie werden auf sehr ähnliche Art hergestellt

* * *

much [mʌtʃ] komp more [mɔː(r); US auch ˈməʊər], sup most [məʊst]

A adj viel:

I haven’t got much money on me;

it wasn’t much fun es war kein sonderliches Vergnügen;

he’s too much for me umg ich werde nicht mit ihm fertig;

get too much for sb jemandem über den Kopf wachsen (Arbeit etc)

B s Menge f, große Sache:

nothing much nichts Besonderes;

it did not come to much es kam nicht viel dabei heraus;

think much of viel halten von, eine hohe Meinung haben von, große Stücke halten auf (akk);

I don’t think much of him as a teacher ich halte nicht viel von ihm als Lehrer;

he is not much of a dancer er ist kein großer oder berühmter Tänzer;

I’m not much of a drinker ich mach mir nicht viel aus Alkohol;

he’s not much of a husband er ist kein besonders guter Ehemann;

he’s not much of a scholar mit seiner Bildung ist es nicht weit her;

it is much of him even to come schon allein, dass er kommt, will viel heißen;

too much of a good thing zu viel des Guten; → make B 14

C adv

1. sehr:

we much regret wir bedauern sehr;

much to my regret sehr zu meinem Bedauern;

much to my surprise zu meiner großen Überraschung;

it’s not much good umg

a) es ist nicht besonders gut,

b) es schmeckt nicht besonders

2. (in Zusammensetzungen) viel:

much-admired;

much-decorated MIL hochdekoriert;

much-travel(l)ed

a) weit oder viel gereist, weit herumgekommen,

b) viel befahren;

much-vaunted viel gerühmt

3. (vor komp) viel, weit, erheblich:

much stronger viel stärker

4. (vor sup) bei Weitem, weitaus:

much the oldest

5. fast, annähernd, ziemlich (genau), mehr od weniger:

he did it in much the same way er tat es auf ungefähr die gleiche Weise;

it is much the same thing es ist ziemlich dasselbeBesondere Redewendungen: as much

a) so viel,

b) so sehr,

c) ungefähr, etwa as much as so viel wie;

(as) much as I would like so gern ich auch möchte;

as much more ( oder again) noch einmal so viel (as wie);

he said as much das war (ungefähr) der Sinn seiner Worte;

this is as much as to say das soll so viel heißen wie, das heißt mit anderen Worten;

he made a gesture as much as to say so, als ob er sagen wollte;

I thought as much das habe ich mir gedacht;

he, as much as any er so gut wie irgendeiner;

so much

a) so sehr,

b) so viel,

c) lauter, nichts als so much the better umso besser ( for für);

so much for today so viel für heute;

so much for our plans so viel (wäre also) zu unseren Plänen (zu sagen);

not so much as nicht einmal;

without so much as to move ohne sich auch nur zu bewegen;

so much so (und zwar) so sehr;

much less

a) viel weniger,

b) geschweige denn not much umg (als Antwort) wohl kaum;

much like a child ganz wie ein Kind

* * *
1. adjective,
more, most

1) viel; groß [Erleichterung, Sorge, Dankbarkeit]

with much love — voller Liebe

he never eats much breakfast/lunch — er isst nicht viel zum Frühstück/zu Mittag

too much — zu viel indekl.

2)

be a bit much — (coll.) ein bisschen zu viel sein; (fig.) ein bisschen zu weit gehen
2. noun;
see also more 2.; most 2.; vieles

we don't see much of her any more — wir sehen sie kaum noch

that doesn't come or amount to much — es kommt nicht viel dabei heraus

he/this beer isn't up to much — (coll.) mit ihm/diesem Bier ist nicht viel los (ugs.)

spend much of the day/week doing something — den Großteil des Tages/der Woche damit verbringen, etwas zu tun

they have done much to improve the situation — sie haben viel für die Verbesserung der Situation getan

not be much of a cinema-goer — etc. (coll.) kein großer Kinogänger usw. sein (ugs.)

it isn't much of a bicycle — es ist kein besonders tolles Fahrrad (ugs.)

not be much to look at — nicht sehr ansehnlich sein

it's as much as she can do to get up the stairs — sie kommt gerade noch die Treppe hinauf

I expected/thought as much — das habe ich erwartet/mir gedacht

you are as much to blame as he is — du bist ebenso sehr schuld wie er

without so much as saying goodbye — ohne auch nur auf Wiedersehen zu sagen
3. adverb,
more, most

1) modifying comparatives viel [besser]

much more lively/happy/attractive — viel lebhafter/glücklicher/ attraktiver

2) modifying superlatives mit Abstand [der/die/das beste, schlechteste, klügste usw.]

3) modifying passive participles and predicative adjectives sehr

he is much improved — (in health) es geht ihm viel besser

4) modifying verbs (greatly) sehr [lieben, mögen, genießen]; (often) oft [sehen, treffen, besuchen]; (frequently) viel

I don't much like him or like him much — ich mag ihn nicht besonders

not go much on somebody/something — (coll.) nicht viel von jemandem/etwas halten

it doesn't matter much — es ist nicht so wichtig

I would much prefer to stay at home — ich würde viel lieber zu Hause bleiben

much to my surprise/annoyance, I found that... — zu meiner großen Überraschung/Verärgerung stellte ich fest, dass...

5) (approximately) fast

[pretty or very] much the same — fast [genau] der-/die-/dasselbe

6)

much as or though — (although) sosehr... auch

much as he disliked the idea — sosehr ihm die Idee auch missfiel

much as I should like to go — so gern ich auch gehen würde

* * *

adj.

viel adj. n.

sehr adv.

viel adj.

English-german dictionary > much
5 much

[mʌtʃ] adj <more, most> + sing

viel;

there wasn't \much post es kam nicht viel Post;

how \much...? wie viel...?;

how \much time have we got? wie viel Zeit bleibt uns?;

half/twice as \much halb/doppelt so viel;

not/so \much nicht/so viel;

[\much] too \much [viel] zu viel;

a bit too \much etwas [o ein bisschen] [zu] viel pron

1) ( relative amount) viel;

this \much is certain so viel [o eines] ist sicher;

I don't know \much about fishing ich hab nicht viel Ahnung vom Angeln;

he left without so \much as an apology er ging ohne auch nur ein Wort der Entschuldigung;

half/twice as \much halb/doppelt so viel;

too \much zu viel

2) ( great deal) viel;

\much of what you say is right vieles von dem, was Sie sagen, ist richtig;

you didn't miss \much Sie haben nicht viel verpasst;

well, I guess our picnic won't come to \much ich glaube, aus unserem Picknick wird nichts werden;

my new stereo isn't up to \much meine neue Anlage taugt nicht viel ( fam)

I'm not up to \much really ( not much planned) ich hab nicht viel vor;

( not fit for much) mit mir ist nicht viel los ( fam)

3) with negative

(pej: poor example)

I've never been \much of a dancer ich habe noch nie gut tanzen können;

she's not \much of a believer in horoscopes sie glaubt nicht wirklich an Horoskope;

he's not \much to look at er sieht nicht gerade umwerfend aus

4) ( larger part)

\much of the day der Großteil des Tages;

\much of sb's time ein Großteil von jds Zeit

5) ( be redundant)

so \much for... das war's dann wohl mit...;

the car's broken down again - so \much for the trip to the seaside das Auto ist schon wieder kaputt - das war's dann wohl mit unserem Ausflug ans Meer

6) with interrogative

how \much is it? was kostet das? adv <more, most>

1) ( greatly) sehr;

we would very \much like to come wir würden sehr gerne kommen;

she would \much rather have her baby at home than in the hospital sie würde ihr Kind viel lieber zu Hause als im Krankenhaus zur Welt bringen;

I've been feeling \much healthier lately ich fühle mich in letzter Zeit viel besser;

\much to our surprise zu unserer großen Überraschung;

to not be \much good at sth in etw dat nicht sehr gut sein

2) ( by far) bei weitem;

she's \much the best person for the job sie ist bei weitem die Beste für den Job

3) ( nearly) fast;

things around here are \much as always hier ist alles beim Alten;

as \much as so gut wie;

he as \much as admitted that... er hat so gut wie zugegeben, dass...;

\much the same fast so;

I am feeling \much the same as yesterday ich fühle mich ungefähr genauso wie gestern

4) ( specifying degree)

as \much as so viel wie;

I like him as \much as you do ich mag ihn genauso sehr wie du;

they fought with each other as \much as ever sie stritten sich wie eh und je;

so \much so [sehr];

it hurts so \much to see him like that es tut so weh, ihn so zu sehen;

I wanted so \much to meet you ich wollte dich unbedingt treffen;

very \much sehr;

thank you very \much herzlichen Dank;

that's very \much the done thing around here das ist hier so üblich

5) ( exactly that) genau das;

I had expected as \much so etwas hatte ich schon erwartet;

it was as \much as I could do to get out of bed ich konnte gerade noch aufstehen

6) ( often) häufig;

we don't go out \much wir gehen nicht viel [o oft] weg;

do you see \much of her? siehst du sie öfters?

7) ( setting up a contrast)

they're not so \much lovers as friends sie sind eher Freunde als ein Liebespaar conj

( although) auch wenn, wenngleich ( geh)

\much as I like you,... so gern ich dich auch mag,...;

\much as I would like to help you,... so gerne ich euch auch helfen würde,...;

he can barely boil an egg, \much less cook a proper dinner er kann kaum ein Ei kochen, geschweige denn eine richtige Mahlzeit;

however \much you dislike her... wie unsympathisch sie dir auch sein mag,...

English-German students dictionary > much
6 настолько

so, as much
• Данное отношение настолько больше, что... - The ratio is so much larger that...

• Лежащие в основе (этого) идеи настолько просты, что... - The ideas involved here are so simple that...

• Эти методы настолько чувствительны, что... - These methods are so sensitive that...

Русско-английский словарь научного общения > настолько
7 настолько выше, что

•
This ratio is so much larger that the core volume is considerably greater for the same magnetic densities.

Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > настолько выше, что
8 данное отношение настолько выше, что

Mathematics: the ratio is so much larger that

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > данное отношение настолько выше, что
9 настолько выше, что

•
This ratio is so much larger that the core volume is considerably greater for the same magnetic densities.

Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > настолько выше, что
10 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
11 wenig

I Adj. und unbest. Pron.

1. little, not much; weniger less; MATH. minus; Pl. fewer; das wenigste the least; am wenigsten (the) least (of all); ein wenig a little; immer weniger less and less; das wenige Geld, das er hat what little money he has; das Wenige, was ich habe, gebe ich gern I’m very willing to give what little I have; nicht wenig quite a lot; nicht gerade wenig umg. quite a lot (of); nicht weniger als no less than; Pl. no fewer than; ich war nichts weniger als erstaunt geh. I was anything but ( oder not at all) surprised; weniger werden decrease; es kostet wenig it doesn’t cost much; das ist wenig that’s not much; dazu gehört wenig it doesn’t take much; wenig fehlte, und er wäre... he came very close to... (+ Ger.) das macht wenig Freude it isn’t much fun; wenig übrig haben für umg. not have much time for; das hat wenig Sinn there’s not much point in it; es gibt wenig Neues there’s very little that’s new; mit mehr oder weniger Erfolg more or less successfully; mit wenigem auskommen get by on very little; das wenigste, was man erwarten kann the least one could expect; weniger ist mehr Topos: less is more; weniger wäre mehr gewesen you can overdo things, less would have been more; das ist das wenigste that’s the least of my worries; sie wird immer weniger umg. she’ll disappear completely one of these days

2. im Pl.: wenige few, not many; (Menschen) few (people); nicht wenige quite a few (people); einige wenige a few; nur wenige only a few; in wenigen Tagen in a few days’ time; wenige Augenblicke darauf a few minutes later; mit wenigen Worten in a few words; das wissen die wenigsten people just don’t realize that; je weniger davon wissen, desto besser the fewer people who know about it the better

II Adv. little, not much; wenig bekannt little known; wenig beliebt not very popular; ein wenig gelesener Autor a little read author; deine Anwesenheit war niemals weniger entbehrlich als jetzt your presence was never more indispensable than now; weniger dumm als frech not so much stupid as impertinent; nicht wenig erstaunt rather surprised; nur wenig mehr only a little more; sie geht wenig aus / ins Kino she doesn’t go out / to the cinema (Am. movies) much; du schreibst so wenig you write so little; er spricht immer weniger he says less and less; das hilft mir wenig that’s not much help to me; das stört mich wenig it doesn’t really bother me; das interessiert mich weniger that doesn’t interest me as much, that interests me less; eine wenig glückliche Wahl a rather unfortunate choice; danach fragt er wenig it doesn’t seem to interest him much; ich verdiene zu wenig I earn too little; er bewegt sich zu wenig he doesn’t get enough exercise; ein wenig schneller a bit quicker; das kostet, wenig gerechnet, tausend Euro at a conservative estimate it will cost a thousand euros; wir haben uns in letzter Zeit wenig gesehen we haven’t seen much of each other lately; ein wenig übertrieben slightly exaggerated; ich fürchte mich ein wenig I’m a bit ( oder a little) scared

* * *

little (Pron.); little (Adj.); little (Adv.); not much (Adv.);

ein wenig

a bit (Adv.); somewhat (Adv.); slightly (Adv.); a little (Adv.)

* * *
We|nig ['veːnɪç]
nt

viele Wénig machen ein Viel (Prov) — it all adds up, many a mickle makes a muckle (Scot Prov)

* * *

1) (small in amount; not much: He has little knowledge of the difficulties involved.) little

2) ((only) a small amount: He knows little of the real world.) little

3) (not much: I go out little nowadays.) little

4) (only to a small degree: a little-known fact.) little

5) (little; not much: You have small reason to be satisfied with yourself.) small

* * *

we·nig

[ˈve:nɪç]

I. pron indef sing

1. (geringe Zahl)

▪ \weniges:

er beantwortete \weniges falsch few of his answers were wrong

sie versteht nur \weniges davon she understands only parts of it, she doesn't understand many parts of it

nur \weniges würde mich wirklich beeindrucken only very few things would really impress me

um \weniges besser/größer/kleiner als jd/etw a little [or not much] better/larger/smaller than sb/sth

2. (geringe Menge)

▪ \wenig little

dazu kann ich \wenig sagen there's little [or not much] I can say [on the matter]

aus \wenigem mehr machen to make more of the little one has

so/zu \wenig so/too little

II. pron indef pl

▪ \wenige few

die Arbeit \weniger [o von \wenigen] the work of few persons

einige \wenige a few

eine/einer von [o unter] [den] \wenigen one of the few

so/zu \wenige so/too few

es sind ihrer so \wenige there are so few of them

III. art indef sing

1. (geringe Zahl)

▪ \wenige/ \weniger/ \weniges:

ich habe \wenigen Schmuck/ \weniges Werkzeug I have little jewellery/few tools, I don't have much jewellery/many tools

es war \weniges Gute in seiner Rede his speech had few good points

so \wenige(r, s) so little/few

zu \wenige(r, s) too little/few

2. oft unreflektiert (geringe Menge)

▪ \wenig little

\wenig Gutes wird daraus little good will come of it

nach \wenigem kurzen Strecken after a little brief stretching

wir haben gleich \wenig Zeit we are both rushed for time

\wenig Glück haben to be not very lucky

nicht \wenig:

ich habe nicht \wenig Arbeit/Mühe/Spaß damit it's giving me quite a lot of work/it's causing me quite a lot of effort/it's quite a lot of fun

so/zu \wenig so/too little

zu \wenig Geld/Zeit haben to not have enough money/time

IV. art indef pl

▪ \wenig[e] few, not many

sie hat \wenig[e] Freunde she has few [or does not have many] friends

es gibt \wenig[e] solcher Exemplare there are few [or not many] such specimens

die Arbeit \weniger Beamter [o (selten) Beamten] the work of few officials

ich habe so/zu \wenig[e] Chancen I have so/too few chances

nach \wenigen Augenblicken moments later

einige \wenige a few

einige \wenige Leute warteten noch there were still a few people waiting

so/zu \wenig so/too few

mit \wenig[en] Worten in a few words, in a nutshell

V. adj little

das \wenige Geld reicht nicht this small amount of money is not enough

▪ das/der/die \wenige the little

das \wenige, was sie hat the little she has

▪ \wenig sein to be little [or not much]

das ist erschreckend \wenig that's appallingly little

so \wenig sein to be so little, to be not so much

das ist nicht so \wenig that's quite a lot

zu \wenig sein to be too little

VI. adv

1. + Verb (kaum)

\wenig essen/trinken to eat/drink little, to not eat/drink much

\wenig helfen to not help much, to be not much [or of little] help

zu \wenig too little, not enough

zu \wenig helfen to not help enough, to be of too little help

zu \wenig schlafen to not get enough sleep, to sleep too little

2. + adj, adv (gering) not very [or particularly]; + Verb not much, little

das ist \wenig interessant that's not very [or particularly] interesting [or of little interest]

\wenig besser/größer/kleiner a little [or not much] better/larger/smaller

nicht \wenig:

sie amüsierte sich nicht \wenig she was enjoying herself very much

ich war nicht \wenig erfreut/überrascht I was more than a little pleased/surprised

3.

▶ ein \wenig a little

* * *
1.
Indefinitpronomen und unbestimmtes Zahlwort

1) Sing. little

das wenige Geld reicht nicht aus — this small amount of money is not enough

wenig Zeit/Geld haben — not have much or have little time/money

das ist wenig — that isn't much

dazu kann ich wenig sagen — I can't say much about that

zu wenig Zeit/Geld haben — not have enough time/money

ein Exemplar/50 Euro zu wenig — one copy too few/50 euros too little

nur weniges — only a little

2) Plural a few

nur wenig Leute waren unterwegs — only a few people were about

sie hatte wenig Bücher/Freunde — she had few books/friends

die wenigen, die davon wussten — the few who knew about it

nur wenige haben teilgenommen — only a few took part
2.
Adverb little

nur wenig besser — only a little better

wir waren nicht wenig erstaunt — we were more than a little astonished

wenig mehr — not much more

ein wenig — a little; (eine Weile) for a little while

* * *

wenig

A. adj & indef pr

1. little, not much;

weniger less; MATH minus; pl fewer;

das wenigste the least;

am wenigsten (the) least (of all);

ein wenig a little;

immer weniger less and less;

das wenige Geld, das er hat what little money he has;

das wenige, was ich habe, gebe ich gern I’m very willing to give what little I have;

nicht wenig quite a lot;

nicht gerade wenig umg quite a lot (of);

nicht weniger als no less than; pl no fewer than;

ich war nichts weniger als erstaunt geh I was anything but ( oder not at all) surprised;

weniger werden decrease;

es kostet wenig it doesn’t cost much;

das ist wenig that’s not much;

dazu gehört wenig it doesn’t take much;

wenig fehlte, und er wäre … he came very close to … (+ger)

das macht wenig Freude it isn’t much fun;

wenig übrig haben für umg not have much time for;

das hat wenig Sinn there’s not much point in it;

es gibt wenig Neues there’s very little that’s new;

mit mehr oder weniger Erfolg more or less successfully;

mit wenigem auskommen get by on very little;

das wenigste, was man erwarten kann the least one could expect;

weniger ist mehr Topos: less is more;

weniger wäre mehr gewesen you can overdo things, less would have been more;

das ist das wenigste that’s the least of my worries;

sie wird immer weniger umg she’ll disappear completely one of these days

2. im pl:

wenige few, not many; (Menschen) few (people);

nicht wenige quite a few (people);

einige wenige a few;

nur wenige only a few;

in wenigen Tagen in a few days’ time;

wenige Augenblicke darauf a few minutes later;

mit wenigen Worten in a few words;

das wissen die wenigsten people just don’t realize that;

je weniger davon wissen, desto besser the fewer people who know about it the better

B. adv little, not much;

wenig bekannt little known;

wenig beliebt not very popular;

ein wenig gelesener Autor a little read author;

deine Anwesenheit war niemals weniger entbehrlich als jetzt your presence was never more indispensable than now;

weniger dumm als frech not so much stupid as impertinent;

nicht wenig erstaunt rather surprised;

nur wenig mehr only a little more;

sie geht wenig aus/ins Kino she doesn’t go out/to the cinema (US movies) much;

du schreibst so wenig you write so little;

er spricht immer weniger he says less and less;

das hilft mir wenig that’s not much help to me;

das stört mich wenig it doesn’t really bother me;

das interessiert mich weniger that doesn’t interest me as much, that interests me less;

eine wenig glückliche Wahl a rather unfortunate choice;

danach fragt er wenig it doesn’t seem to interest him much;

ich verdiene zu wenig I earn too little;

er bewegt sich zu wenig he doesn’t get enough exercise;

ein wenig schneller a bit quicker;

das kostet, wenig gerechnet, tausend Euro at a conservative estimate it will cost a thousand euros;

wir haben uns in letzter Zeit wenig gesehen we haven’t seen much of each other lately;

ein wenig übertrieben slightly exaggerated;

ich fürchte mich ein wenig I’m a bit ( oder a little) scared

* * *
1.
Indefinitpronomen und unbestimmtes Zahlwort

1) Sing. little

das wenige Geld reicht nicht aus — this small amount of money is not enough

wenig Zeit/Geld haben — not have much or have little time/money

das ist wenig — that isn't much

dazu kann ich wenig sagen — I can't say much about that

zu wenig Zeit/Geld haben — not have enough time/money

ein Exemplar/50 Euro zu wenig — one copy too few/50 euros too little

nur weniges — only a little

2) Plural a few

nur wenig Leute waren unterwegs — only a few people were about

sie hatte wenig Bücher/Freunde — she had few books/friends

die wenigen, die davon wussten — the few who knew about it

nur wenige haben teilgenommen — only a few took part
2.
Adverb little

nur wenig besser — only a little better

wir waren nicht wenig erstaunt — we were more than a little astonished

wenig mehr — not much more

ein wenig — a little; (eine Weile) for a little while

* * *

adj.

few adj.

less adj.

little adj.

sparse adj. adv.

little adv.

sparsely adv.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > wenig
12 grado

m.

1 degree.

grado centígrado degree centigrade

2 degree.

quemaduras de primer grado first-degree burns

mostró un alto grado de preparación he was very well prepared

en menor grado to a lesser extent o degree

en grado sumo greatly

3 grade (rango).

4 year, class (education).

5 score, grade.

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: gradar.

* * *

grado

► nombre masculino

1 (gen) degree

■ estábamos a 27 grados it was 27 degrees

2 (estado) stage

3 EDUCACIÓN (curso) class, year, US grade

4 EDUCACIÓN (título) degree

5 (peldaño) step

6 MILITAR rank

7 LINGÚÍSTICA degree

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

de buen grado willingly, with good grace

de mal grado unwillingly, with bad grace

en sumo grado to the highest degree

en tal grado so much so

* * *

noun m.

1) degree

2) grade

3) extent

* * *

SM

1) (=nivel) degree

un alto grado de desarrollo — a high degree of development

quemaduras de primer/segundo grado — first-/second-degree burns

parentesco de segundo grado — second-degree kinship

• en alto grado — to a great degree

la censura dificultó en alto grado la investigación científica — scientific research was greatly hindered o was hindered to a great degree by censorship

• de grado en grado — step by step, by degrees

• en mayor grado — to a greater degree o extent

• en menor grado — to a lesser degree o extent

en mayor o menor grado — to a greater or lesser extent

• en sumo grado o en grado sumo, era humillante en sumo grado — it was humiliating in the extreme

me complace en sumo grado — it gives me the greatest pleasure

• en grado superlativo — in the extreme

• tercer grado (penitenciario) — Esp lowest category within the prison system which allows day release privileges

2) (Geog, Mat, Fís) degree

la temperatura es de 40 grados — the temperature is 40 degrees

estamos a cinco grados bajo cero — it is five degrees below zero

un ángulo de 45 grados — a 45-degree angle

este vino tiene 12 grados — this wine is 12 per cent alcohol

esta cerveza no tiene muchos grados — this beer is very low in alcohol

grado Celsius — degree Celsius

grado centígrado — degree centigrade

grado Fahrenheit — degree Fahrenheit

3) [de escalafón] grade; (Mil) rank

tiene el grado de teniente — he holds the rank of lieutenant

un militar de grado superior — a high-ranking army officer

4) (=etapa) stage

está en el segundo grado de elaboración — it is now in the second stage of production

5) esp LAm (Educ) (=curso) year, grade (EEUU); (=título) degree

tiene el grado de licenciado — he is a graduate

colación de grados — Arg conferment of degrees

grado universitario — university degree

6) (Ling) degree of comparison

adjetivos en grado comparativo — comparative adjectives, comparatives

adjetivos en grado superlativo — superlative adjectives, superlatives

7) (=gusto)

• de (buen) grado — willingly

aceptó las nuevas normas de buen grado — she willingly agreed the new regulations

• de mal grado — unwillingly

de grado o por (la) fuerza —

otros muchos países entraron en guerra, de grado o por la fuerza — many other countries were forced willy-nilly to enter the war

pues tendrás que ir, de grado o por la fuerza — well you'll have to go, like it or not

8) [de escalera] step

9) pl grados (Rel) minor orders

* * *

masculino

1)

a) (nivel, cantidad) degree

el grado de confusión reinante — the degree of confusion that prevails

el asunto se ha complicado en or (AmL) a tal grado... — things have become so complicated...

en grado sumo: me preocupó en grado sumo it caused me great concern; nos complace en grado sumo comunicarle que... — it gives us great pleasure to inform you that...

b) ( de parentesco) degree

primo en segundo grado — second cousin

2) ( de escalafón) grade

un oficial de grado superior — a high-ranking officer

3) ( disposición)

de buen/mal grado — willingly/unwillingly

4)

a) (Fís, Meteo) degree

estamos a tres grados bajo cero — it's three degrees below zero

b) (Geog, Mat) degree

un ángulo de 60 grados — an angle of 60 degrees

25 grados de latitud — 25 degrees latitude

c) (Vin) degree

- grado centígrado or Celsius/Fahrenheit

5)

a) (esp AmL) (Educ) (curso, año) year

b) ( título)

tiene el grado de licenciado — he has a degree

* * *

= degree, extent, index [indices/indexes, -pl.], magnitude, range, rate, scale, to what extent, grade, quotient, degree.

Ex. This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.

Ex. The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.

Ex. As job anxiety scores increased, job satisfaction indices decreased.

Ex. Only those who have attempted to edit the proceedings of a conference can appreciate the magnitude and scope of such an enterprise.

Ex. Overall, the library media specialists experienced stress in the mild to moderate range.

Ex. Whether, in the future, the co-operatives will be able to fund appropriate developments at a sufficiently rapid rate remains an unanswered question.

Ex. Various scales of relevance ratings may be established.

Ex. Clearly an index must permit access to a document by its central theme, but, to what extent should access be provided to secondary or subsidiary topics considered within a document?.

Ex. The project is concerned with the investigation of conditions of appointment for women librarians as well as the grades and salary scales assigned to library tasks.

Ex. One reads, for instance, that a parameter in assessing the maximum period a user can be kept waiting is the 'aggravation quotient'.

Ex. In cartography reference system is the method by which one can locate a place on a map, eg (a) degrees of latitude and longitude; (b) a grid reference.

----

* alumno de cuarto grado = fourth grader.

* asesinato en primer grado = first-degree murder.

* bebida alcohólica con muchos grados = hard drink, hard liquor.

* cada vez en mayor grado = ever-increasing.

* cierto grado de = a degree of.

* de buen grado = willing, good-humouredly, good-humoured, good-naturedly.

* de grado básico = junior grade.

* delito de menor grado = misdemeanour [misdimeanor, -USA].

* de primer grado = in the first degree.

* de segundo grado = second-degree, in the second degree.

* el grado de = the extent of.

* el grado de + Nombre = the breadth and depth of + Nombre.

* el grado en que = the extent to which.

* en cierto grado = something of.

* en diferente grado = differing, in varying measures.

* en distinto grado = in varying measures, differing, to varying degrees.

* en diverso grado = to varying degrees.

* en diversos grados = to varying extents.

* en este grado = to this extent.

* en grado mínimo = minimally.

* en mayor grado = to a greater degree, a fortiori, to a greater extent, to a larger degree, to a larger extent.

* en mayor o menor grado = to a greater or lesser degree.

* en menor grado = to a lesser extent, to a lesser degree.

* en sumo grado = in the extreme.

* en tercer grado = in the third degree.

* en un grado bastante aceptable = to a fair extent.

* en un grado sumo = in the extreme.

* escala que consta de nueve grados = nine-point scale.

* girar 180 grados = move + 180 degrees.

* grado centígrado (ºC) = degree centigrade (ºC).

* grado de aceptación = acceptance rate.

* grado de acidez = pH, ph value.

* grado de adecuación = degree of fit.

* grado de citación = citedness.

* grado de cobertura = depth of coverage.

* grado de coincidencia entre el tema de un documento y el tema de búsqueda = topicality.

* grado de compleción = completeness.

* grado de escepticismo = degree of skepticism.

* grado de integración = scale of integration.

* grado de no citación = uncitedness.

* grado de pertinencia = recall tendency.

* grado de precisión = degree of detail.

* grado de proximidad entre dos = betweenness.

* grado de relación = relatedness measure.

* grado medio = middle grade.

* grado superlativo = superlative.

* hasta tal grado que = so much so that.

* salón de grados = conference room.

* tomarse Algo de buen grado = take + Nombre + in good humour.

* un cierto grado de = a certain amount of, a modicum of.

* vida + dar un giro de 180 grados = turn + Posesivo + life around.

* * *

masculino

1)

a) (nivel, cantidad) degree

el grado de confusión reinante — the degree of confusion that prevails

el asunto se ha complicado en or (AmL) a tal grado... — things have become so complicated...

en grado sumo: me preocupó en grado sumo it caused me great concern; nos complace en grado sumo comunicarle que... — it gives us great pleasure to inform you that...

b) ( de parentesco) degree

primo en segundo grado — second cousin

2) ( de escalafón) grade

un oficial de grado superior — a high-ranking officer

3) ( disposición)

de buen/mal grado — willingly/unwillingly

4)

a) (Fís, Meteo) degree

estamos a tres grados bajo cero — it's three degrees below zero

b) (Geog, Mat) degree

un ángulo de 60 grados — an angle of 60 degrees

25 grados de latitud — 25 degrees latitude

c) (Vin) degree

- grado centígrado or Celsius/Fahrenheit

5)

a) (esp AmL) (Educ) (curso, año) year

b) ( título)

tiene el grado de licenciado — he has a degree

* * *

= degree, extent, index [indices/indexes, -pl.], magnitude, range, rate, scale, to what extent, grade, quotient, degree.

Ex: This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.

Ex: The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.

Ex: As job anxiety scores increased, job satisfaction indices decreased.

Ex: Only those who have attempted to edit the proceedings of a conference can appreciate the magnitude and scope of such an enterprise.

Ex: Overall, the library media specialists experienced stress in the mild to moderate range.

Ex: Whether, in the future, the co-operatives will be able to fund appropriate developments at a sufficiently rapid rate remains an unanswered question.

Ex: Various scales of relevance ratings may be established.

Ex: Clearly an index must permit access to a document by its central theme, but, to what extent should access be provided to secondary or subsidiary topics considered within a document?.

Ex: The project is concerned with the investigation of conditions of appointment for women librarians as well as the grades and salary scales assigned to library tasks.

Ex: One reads, for instance, that a parameter in assessing the maximum period a user can be kept waiting is the 'aggravation quotient'.

Ex: In cartography reference system is the method by which one can locate a place on a map, eg (a) degrees of latitude and longitude; (b) a grid reference.

* alumno de cuarto grado = fourth grader.

* asesinato en primer grado = first-degree murder.

* bebida alcohólica con muchos grados = hard drink, hard liquor.

* cada vez en mayor grado = ever-increasing.

* cierto grado de = a degree of.

* de buen grado = willing, good-humouredly, good-humoured, good-naturedly.

* de grado básico = junior grade.

* delito de menor grado = misdemeanour [misdimeanor, -USA].

* de primer grado = in the first degree.

* de segundo grado = second-degree, in the second degree.

* el grado de = the extent of.

* el grado de + Nombre = the breadth and depth of + Nombre.

* el grado en que = the extent to which.

* en cierto grado = something of.

* en diferente grado = differing, in varying measures.

* en distinto grado = in varying measures, differing, to varying degrees.

* en diverso grado = to varying degrees.

* en diversos grados = to varying extents.

* en este grado = to this extent.

* en grado mínimo = minimally.

* en mayor grado = to a greater degree, a fortiori, to a greater extent, to a larger degree, to a larger extent.

* en mayor o menor grado = to a greater or lesser degree.

* en menor grado = to a lesser extent, to a lesser degree.

* en sumo grado = in the extreme.

* en tercer grado = in the third degree.

* en un grado bastante aceptable = to a fair extent.

* en un grado sumo = in the extreme.

* escala que consta de nueve grados = nine-point scale.

* girar 180 grados = move + 180 degrees.

* grado centígrado (ºC) = degree centigrade (ºC).

* grado de aceptación = acceptance rate.

* grado de acidez = pH, ph value.

* grado de adecuación = degree of fit.

* grado de citación = citedness.

* grado de cobertura = depth of coverage.

* grado de coincidencia entre el tema de un documento y el tema de búsqueda = topicality.

* grado de compleción = completeness.

* grado de escepticismo = degree of skepticism.

* grado de integración = scale of integration.

* grado de no citación = uncitedness.

* grado de pertinencia = recall tendency.

* grado de precisión = degree of detail.

* grado de proximidad entre dos = betweenness.

* grado de relación = relatedness measure.

* grado medio = middle grade.

* grado superlativo = superlative.

* hasta tal grado que = so much so that.

* salón de grados = conference room.

* tomarse Algo de buen grado = take + Nombre + in good humour.

* un cierto grado de = a certain amount of, a modicum of.

* vida + dar un giro de 180 grados = turn + Posesivo + life around.

* * *

grado

masculine

A

1 (nivel, cantidad) degree

otro ejemplo del grado de confusión reinante another example of the degree of confusion that prevails

depende del grado de libertad que tengan it depends on how much freedom o the degree of freedom they enjoy

el asunto se ha complicado en or ( AmL) a tal grado que no le veo solución things have become so complicated that I can't see any solution

en grado sumo: la noticia me preocupó en grado sumo the news worried me greatly o caused me great concern

nos complace en grado sumo poder comunicarle que … it gives us great pleasure to be able to inform you that …

2 (de parentesco) degree

son primos en segundo grado they are second cousins

B (de escalafón) grade

un oficial de grado superior a high-ranking officer

medio¹ (↑ medio (1))

C

(disposición): de buen grado readily, willingly, with good grace

de mal grado reluctantly, unwillingly, with bad grace

D

1 [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] ( Fís, Meteo) degree

estamos a tres grados bajo cero it's three degrees below zero, it's minus three degrees

2 ( Geog, Mat) degree

a un ángulo de 60 grados at an angle of 60 degrees, at a 60° angle

25 grados de latitud/longitud 25 degrees latitude/longitude

3 ( Vin) degree

un vino de 12 grados a 12% proof wine

Compuestos:

● grado centígrado or Celsius

degree centigrade o Celsius

● grado Fahrenheit

degree Fahrenheit

E

1 ( esp AmL) ( Educ) (curso, año) year, grade ( AmE), form ( BrE)

2

(título): tiene el grado de licenciado he has a college degree ( AmE), he has a university degree ( BrE)

F ( Ling) degree

grado positivo/comparativo positive/comparative degree

G ( Der) stage

el juicio se halla en grado de apelación/revisión the trial is at the appeal/review stage

* * *

grado sustantivo masculino
1 ( en general) degree;
◊ estamos a tres grados bajo cero it's three degrees below zero;

grado centígrado or Celsius/Fahrenheit degree centigrade o Celsius/Fahrenheit;
el grado de confusión reinante the degree of confusion that prevails;
en grado sumo extremely
2 ( de escalafón) grade;
(Mil) rank
3 ( disposición):
◊ de buen/mal grado willingly/unwillingly

4
a) (esp AmL) (Educ) (curso, año) year

b) ( título):

◊ tiene el grado de licenciado he has a college (AmE) o (BrE) university degree

grado sustantivo masculino
1 degree
2 Mil rank
3 (gusto, voluntad) desire, will
♦ Locuciones: de buen/mal grado, willingly/reluctantly
' grado' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
categoría
- coeficiente
- colmo
- ecuación
- insolación
- jerarquía
- mayor
- medida
- menor
- menos
- mínimamente
- poder
- punto
- superior
- décima
- enfadado
- enfadar
- enojado
- enojar
- extensión
- grande
English:
accurately
- degree
- extent
- extreme
- first-degree
- grace
- grade
- grind
- insofar
- may
- optimum
- point
- rank
- registrar
- subaltern
- commission
- freely
- lesser

* * *

grado nm

1. [de temperatura] degree

Comp
grado Celsius degree Celsius;
grado centígrado degree centigrade;

grado Fahrenheit degree Fahrenheit;

grado Kelvin kelvin

2. [de alcohol]
¿cuántos grados tiene ese whisky? how strong is that whisky?;

alcohol de 90 grados 90 degree proof alcohol

3. [índice, nivel] degree;

el candidato mostró un alto grado de preparación the candidate was very well prepared;

un fenómeno que afecta en menor grado a las ciudades a phenomenon that affects cities to a lesser extent o degree;

eso depende del grado de intransigencia de la gente that depends on how prepared people are to compromise;

están examinando su grado de ceguera they're checking to see how blind she is;

la situación empeoró en tal o Am [m5]a tal grado que… the situation deteriorated to such a degree o to such an extent that…;

en grado sumo greatly

4. [en escala] degree;

quemaduras de primer grado first-degree burns;

asesinato en segundo grado second-degree murder

5. [rango] grade;

es primo mío en segundo grado he's my second cousin

6. Mil rank

7. Educ [año] year, class, US grade

8. Educ [título] degree;

obtuvo el grado de doctor he obtained his doctorate

9. Ling degree

Comp
grado comparativo comparative degree;
grado superlativo superlative degree

10. Mat [de ángulo] degree

11. Mat [de ecuación]
una ecuación de segundo grado a quadratic equation

12. [voluntad]
hacer algo de buen/mal grado to do sth willingly/unwillingly;

te lo prestaré de buen grado I'd be happy to lend it to you

* * *

grado

m

1 degree;

de primer grado quemaduras first-degree

2

:

de buen grado with good grace, readily;

de mal grado with bad grace, reluctantly

* * *

grado nm

1) : degree (in meteorology and mathematics)

grado centígrado: degree centigrade

2) : extent, level, degree

en grado sumo: greatly, to the highest degree

3) rango: rank

4) : year, class (in education)

5)

de buen grado : willingly, readily

* * *

grado n degree

esta mañana estábamos a 21 grados it was 21 degrees this morning

un ángulo recto tiene 90 grados a right angle has 90 degrees

quemaduras de tercer grado third degree burns

de buen grado willingly

Spanish-English dictionary > grado
13 así

f.

ISA, intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.

* * *

así

► adverbio

1 (de esta manera) thus, (in) this way

2 (de esa manera) (in) that way

■ por decirlo así so to speak

■ y así sucesivamente and so on

3 (tanto) as

■ así usted como yo both you and I

4 (por tanto) therefore

5 (tan pronto como) as soon as

■ así que lo sepa as soon as I know

► adjetivo

1 such

■ un hombre así a man like that, such a man

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

así así so-so

así que so

■ llovía, así que cogimos el paraguas it was raining, so we took our umbrella

así sea so be it

* * *
1. adv.
1) like this, like that

2) so, thus, in this way

•

- así así
- así como
- no así 2. conj.
even if
3. adj.
such

* * *

1. ADV

1) (=de este modo)

a) [con ser]

-te engañaron, ¿no es así? -sí, así es — "they deceived you, didn't they?" - "yes, they did", "they deceived you, isn't that so?" -"yes, it is"

usted es periodista ¿no es así? — you're a journalist, aren't you?

yo soy así — that's the way I am

perdona, pero creo que eso no es así — excuse me, but I think that's not true

así es como lo detuvieron — that's how o this is how they arrested him

¡(que) así sea! —

- solo les falta ganar la copa -que así sea — "all they have to do is win the cup" - "let's hope they do"

- que el Señor esté con vosotros -así sea — "(may) God be with you" - "amen"

b) [con otros verbos] like that, like this

lo hizo así — he did it like that o like this

esto no puede seguir así — things can't go on this way, this can't go on like this

se iniciaba así una nueva etapa — thus o so a new phase began

¡así se habla! — that's what I like to hear!

así ocurrió el accidente — that's how o this is how the accident happened

así me agradecen lo que hice por ellos — this is the thanks I get for what I did for them

así están las cosas — that's the way things are

puede leer el contrato si así lo desea — you can read the contract if you wish

¿por qué te pones así? no es más que un niño — why do you get worked up like that? he's only a child

- salúdelos de mi parte -así lo haré — "give them my best wishes" - "I will"

dijo que llamaría y así lo hizo — he said he would call and he did

2) [acompañando a un sustantivo] like that

un hombre así — a man like that, such a man más frm

¿por una cosa así se han enfadado? — they got angry over a thing like that?

3)

• así de —

a) + sustantivo

tuvieron así de ocasiones de ganar y no las aprovecharon — they had so o this many chances to win but didn't take them

b) + adj, adv

un baúl así de grande — a trunk as big as this, a trunk this big

él todo lo hace así de rápido — he does everything that fast, that's how fast he does everything

no para de comer y luego así está de gordita — she never stops eating, that's why she's so plump

no creo que puedas hacerlo así de bien — I can't believe that you can do it that well

así de feo era que... — LAm he was so ugly that...

4)

• así como —

a) (=lo mismo que) the same way as

así como tú te portes conmigo, me portaré yo — I'll behave the same way as you do to me

así en la Tierra como en el Cielo — on Earth as it is in Heaven

b) (=mientras que) whereas, while

así como uno de sus hijos es muy listo, el otro no estudia nada — whereas o while one of their children is very clever, the other doesn't study at all

c) (=además de) as well as

se necesita el original así como una copia — you need the original as well as a copy

5) [otras locuciones]

• así las cosas — with things as they are

• por así decirlo — so to speak

• no así — unlike

los gastos fueron espectaculares, no así los resultados — the expenditure was astonishing, unlike the results

• ¡así no más! — Méx * (=sin cuidado) anyhow; (=sin motivo) just like that

es un tema muy importante para tratarlo así no más — it's a very important issue, you can't just treat it any old how

a mí me cuesta tanto y él lo hace así no más — I find it really hard, but he does it easily o just like that

se fue así no más, sin decir nada — he left just like that, without saying anything

lo echaron del trabajo así no más — they gave him the sack just like that *

• o así — about, or so

20 dólares o así — about 20 dollars, 20 dollars or so

llegarán el jueves o así — they'll arrive around Thursday, they'll arrive on Thursday or thereabouts

• así sin más — just like that

• y así sucesivamente — and so on and so forth

• así y todo — even so

- así así

-¿cómo te encuentras hoy? -así así — "how do you feel today?" - "so-so"

- así o asá

- así como así

no gastan el dinero así como así — they don't spend money willy-nilly

no se hace así como así — it's not as easy as all that

- así porque sí

y empezó a insultarme así porque sí — and he began to insult me just for the sake o hell of it *

no hemos conseguido el éxito así porque sí — it's no accident that we've become successful

- así es la vida

2. CONJ

1) (=aunque) even if

así tenga que recorrer el mundo entero, la encontraré — even if I have to travel the whole world, I'll find her

2) (=consecuentemente) so

se gastó todo el dinero y así no pudo ir de vacaciones — he spent all the money, so he couldn't go on holiday

esperan lograr un acuerdo, evitando así la huelga — they are hoping to reach an agreement and so avoid a strike, they are hoping to reach an agreement, thereby o thus avoiding a strike frm

• así pues — so

ha conseguido una beca, así pues, podrá seguir estudiando — he got a grant, so he can carry on studying

• así (es) que — so

estábamos cansados, así que no fuimos — we were tired so we didn't go

3) (=ojalá)

¡así te mueras! — I hope you drop dead! *

4) (=en cuanto)

• así que — + subjun as soon as

así que te enteres, comunícamelo — as soon as you find out, let me know

así que pasen unos años todo se olvidará — in a few years everything will be forgotten

* * *
I
adjetivo invariable like that

si es así te pido disculpas — if that's the case, I'm sorry

yo soy así — that's the way I am

así es la vida — (fr hecha) that's life

es un tanto así de hojas — it's about that many pages

esperamos horas ¿no es así? — we waited for hours, didn't we?

tan or tanto es así que... — so much so that...
II
adverbio

1) (de este/ese modo)

no le hables así a tu padre — don't talk to your father like that

así cualquiera! — that's cheating! (colloq & hum)

¿así me lo agradeces? — is this how you thank me?

no te pongas así — don't get so worked up

así me podré comprar lo que quiera — that way I'll be able to buy whatever I want

así me llaman — that's what people call me

así es — that's right

¿está bien así o quieres más? — is that enough, or do you want some more?

¿fue así cómo ocurrió? — is that how it happened?

y así sucesivamente — and so on

¿dimitió? - así como lo oyes — you mean he resigned? - believe it or not, yes

2)

así de + adj/adv: así de fácil! it's as easy as that; debe ser así de grueso it must be about this thick; ¿así de egoísta me crees? — do you think I'm that selfish?

3) ( expresando deseo)

así se muera — I hope she drops dead!

4) (en locs)

así así — (fam) so-so

así como: así como el mayor trabaja mucho, el pequeño es un vago while o whereas the older boy works very hard, the younger one is really lazy; por su módico precio así como por su calidad both for its low price and its high quality; sus familiares, así como sus amigos his family as well as his friends; así como así just like that; así me gusta! (fr hecha) that's what I like to see!; ¿le dijiste que no? así me gusta! you said no? good for you!; así mismo asimismo; así nomás (AmL) just like that; hace los deberes así nomás he dashes his homework off any which way (AmE) o (BrE) any old how; así o asá (fam): puedes ponerlo así o asá (fam) you can put it any way you like; así pues so; así que ( por lo tanto) so; ( en cuanto) as soon as; así que te casas! so, you're getting married...; así sea (Relig) amen; así y todo even so; no así: se mostraron muy satisfechos. No así los Vives, que... they were very pleased, unlike the Vives, who...; o así: tendrá 30 años o así he must be about 30; cien al mes o así around a hundred a month; por así decirlo — so to speak
III
conjunción ( aunque)

así + subj: lo encontraré, así se esconda en el fin del mundo I'll find him, no matter where he tries to hide; no pagaré así me encarcelen — I won't pay even if they put me in prison

* * *

= thereby, like that, like this.

Ex. To help eliminate false drops, and thereby improve precision, certain devices can be employed at the indexing stage.

Ex. I love movies like that -- where slowly, gradually, bit by bit, all the characters realize that the villain was really disastrously mendacious and criminal.

Ex. And as small as Iowa as, I think something like this can have a far larger effect than you might realize if you live in a large industrial area.

----

* algo así como = something like.

* así como = as, as well as.

* así como así = just like that.

* así como... de igual modo... = just as... so....

* así de improviso = off-hand [offhand].

* así de pronto = off-hand [offhand].

* así es = that's how it is.

* así es como = this is how.

* así es como es = that's how it is.

* así me maten = for the life of me.

* así pues = as such, thus.

* así sea = amen.

* así son las cosas = that's they way things are.

* aún así = even so.

* como siga así = at this rate.

* conocérsele así por = get + Posesivo + name from.

* continuar así = keep + it up, keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work.

* denominado así = so named.

* denominarse así = be so called.

* denominarse así por = get + Posesivo + name from.

* esto es así = this is the case.

* las cosas no pasan así como así = everything happens for a reason (and a purpose).

* las cosas no pasan (así) porque sí = everything happens for a reason (and a purpose).

* la vida es así = life's like that.

* llamado así = so named.

* llamarse así = be so called.

* llamarse así por = get + Posesivo + name from.

* no ser así ya = be no longer the case.

* o algo así = or something of that sort, or something to that effect, or something of that nature.

* para que esto sea así = for this to be the case.

* por decirlo así = so to speak, in a manner of speaking.

* seguir así = keep + it up, keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work.

* seguir haciéndolo así = keep up + the good work.

* seguir trabajando así = keep up + the good work.

* ser así = be the case (with), be just like that.

* si así lo desean = should they so wish.

* si es así = if so, if this is the case.

* si no es así = if this is not the case.

* si no fuera así = if it were not.

* si sigue así = at this rate.

* tanto es así que = so much so that.

* visto así = viewed in this light.

* y así sucesivamente = and so on, and so on....

* * *
I
adjetivo invariable like that

si es así te pido disculpas — if that's the case, I'm sorry

yo soy así — that's the way I am

así es la vida — (fr hecha) that's life

es un tanto así de hojas — it's about that many pages

esperamos horas ¿no es así? — we waited for hours, didn't we?

tan or tanto es así que... — so much so that...
II
adverbio

1) (de este/ese modo)

no le hables así a tu padre — don't talk to your father like that

así cualquiera! — that's cheating! (colloq & hum)

¿así me lo agradeces? — is this how you thank me?

no te pongas así — don't get so worked up

así me podré comprar lo que quiera — that way I'll be able to buy whatever I want

así me llaman — that's what people call me

así es — that's right

¿está bien así o quieres más? — is that enough, or do you want some more?

¿fue así cómo ocurrió? — is that how it happened?

y así sucesivamente — and so on

¿dimitió? - así como lo oyes — you mean he resigned? - believe it or not, yes

2)

así de + adj/adv: así de fácil! it's as easy as that; debe ser así de grueso it must be about this thick; ¿así de egoísta me crees? — do you think I'm that selfish?

3) ( expresando deseo)

así se muera — I hope she drops dead!

4) (en locs)

así así — (fam) so-so

así como: así como el mayor trabaja mucho, el pequeño es un vago while o whereas the older boy works very hard, the younger one is really lazy; por su módico precio así como por su calidad both for its low price and its high quality; sus familiares, así como sus amigos his family as well as his friends; así como así just like that; así me gusta! (fr hecha) that's what I like to see!; ¿le dijiste que no? así me gusta! you said no? good for you!; así mismo asimismo; así nomás (AmL) just like that; hace los deberes así nomás he dashes his homework off any which way (AmE) o (BrE) any old how; así o asá (fam): puedes ponerlo así o asá (fam) you can put it any way you like; así pues so; así que ( por lo tanto) so; ( en cuanto) as soon as; así que te casas! so, you're getting married...; así sea (Relig) amen; así y todo even so; no así: se mostraron muy satisfechos. No así los Vives, que... they were very pleased, unlike the Vives, who...; o así: tendrá 30 años o así he must be about 30; cien al mes o así around a hundred a month; por así decirlo — so to speak
III
conjunción ( aunque)

así + subj: lo encontraré, así se esconda en el fin del mundo I'll find him, no matter where he tries to hide; no pagaré así me encarcelen — I won't pay even if they put me in prison

* * *

= thereby, like that, like this.

Ex: To help eliminate false drops, and thereby improve precision, certain devices can be employed at the indexing stage.

Ex: I love movies like that -- where slowly, gradually, bit by bit, all the characters realize that the villain was really disastrously mendacious and criminal.

Ex: And as small as Iowa as, I think something like this can have a far larger effect than you might realize if you live in a large industrial area.

* algo así como = something like.

* así como = as, as well as.

* así como así = just like that.

* así como... de igual modo... = just as... so....

* así de improviso = off-hand [offhand].

* así de pronto = off-hand [offhand].

* así es = that's how it is.

* así es como = this is how.

* así es como es = that's how it is.

* así me maten = for the life of me.

* así pues = as such, thus.

* así sea = amen.

* así son las cosas = that's they way things are.

* aún así = even so.

* como siga así = at this rate.

* conocérsele así por = get + Posesivo + name from.

* continuar así = keep + it up, keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work.

* denominado así = so named.

* denominarse así = be so called.

* denominarse así por = get + Posesivo + name from.

* esto es así = this is the case.

* las cosas no pasan así como así = everything happens for a reason (and a purpose).

* las cosas no pasan (así) porque sí = everything happens for a reason (and a purpose).

* la vida es así = life's like that.

* llamado así = so named.

* llamarse así = be so called.

* llamarse así por = get + Posesivo + name from.

* no ser así ya = be no longer the case.

* o algo así = or something of that sort, or something to that effect, or something of that nature.

* para que esto sea así = for this to be the case.

* por decirlo así = so to speak, in a manner of speaking.

* seguir así = keep + it up, keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work.

* seguir haciéndolo así = keep up + the good work.

* seguir trabajando así = keep up + the good work.

* ser así = be the case (with), be just like that.

* si así lo desean = should they so wish.

* si es así = if so, if this is the case.

* si no es así = if this is not the case.

* si no fuera así = if it were not.

* si sigue así = at this rate.

* tanto es así que = so much so that.

* visto así = viewed in this light.

* y así sucesivamente = and so on, and so on....

* * *

así¹

adj inv

like that

no discutan por una tontería así don't argue over a silly thing like that

si es así te pido disculpas if that's the case, I'm sorry

yo soy así ¿qué voy a hacer? that's the way I am, I can't help it

anda, no seas así, préstamelo come on, don't be like that, lend it to me

así es la vida ( fr hecha); that's life

es un tanto así de hojas it's about that many pages

esperamos horas ¿no es así? we waited for hours, didn't we?

estaba contento, tan es así que no quería volver a casa he was happy, so much so that he didn't want to return home

así²

adverb

A

(de este/ese modo): no le hables así a tu padre don't talk to your father like that

¿por qué me tratas así? why are you treating me like this?

la ayudó un profesional — ¡así cualquiera! she got help from a professional — anyone can do it with that kind of help! o ( colloq hum) that's cheating!

¿así me agradeces lo que hago por ti? is this how you thank me o is this the thanks I get for everything I do for you?

lo hice muy rápido — ¡y así te quedó! I did it very quickly — yes, it shows o yes, it looks like it!

no te pongas así, no es para tanto don't get so worked up, it's not that bad

le voy a regalar dinero, así él se puede comprar lo que quiera I'll give him some money, that way he can buy whatever he wants

¿eres `el Rubio'? — así me llaman are you `el Rubio'? — that's what people call me

¿lo perdieron todo? — así es you mean they lost everything? — that's right

¿está bien así o quieres más? is that enough, or do you want some more?

¿fue así cómo ocurrió? is that how it happened?

y así sucesivamente and so on

¿dimitió? — así como lo oyes you mean he resigned? — believe it or not, yes

B así de + ADJ/ ADV:

se enfría y se sirve ¡así de fácil! allow to cool and serve, it's as easy as that

debe ser así de grueso it must be about this thick

¿así de egoísta me crees? do you think I'm that selfish?

C (expresando deseo) así + SUBJ:

así se muera I hope she drops dead!

D ( en locs):

así así ( fam); so-so

¿te gusta? — así así do you like it? — so-so o it's OK

así como: así como el mayor trabaja mucho, el pequeño es un vago while o whereas the older boy works very hard, the younger one is really lazy

así como es con el dinero es con el afecto: mezquino he's (just) as mean with his affection as he is with his money

así como en verano el clima es agradable, en invierno te mueres de frío the weather's very pleasant in summer but, by the same token, in winter you freeze to death

por su módico precio así como por su calidad both for its low price and its high quality

así como él insiste, tampoco ella ceja the more he insists, the more she refuses to back down

todos sus familiares, así como algunos amigos, estuvieron presentes his whole family was there, and a few friends as well

hágase tu voluntad así en la Tierra como en el Cielo Thy will be done on earth as it is in Heaven

así como así just like that

gasta el dinero así como así he spends money just like that o as if it meant nothing to him

¡así me gusta! ( fr hecha); that's what I like to see!

¿le dijiste que no? ¡así me gusta! you said no? good for you!

así mismo asimismo:

así nomás ( AmL); just like that

a ella no la vas a convencer así nomás you're not going to persuade her that easily o just like that

hace los deberes así nomás he dashes his homework off any which way ( AmE) o ( BrE) any old how

así o asá or asao ( fam): puedes ponerlo así o asá or asao, a mí no me importa ( fam); you can put it any way you like, I don't care

da lo mismo así que asá or asao ( fam); it doesn't matter which way you do it ( o put it etc)

así pues so

no me gustaba el trabajo; así pues, decidí dejarlo I didn't like the job, so I decided to give it up

así que (por lo tanto) so; (en cuanto) as soon as

esto no es asunto tuyo, así que no te metas this has nothing to do with you, so mind your own business

¡así que te casas! so, you're getting married …

así sea ( Relig) amen

descanse en paz — así sea rest in peace — Amen

así y todo even so

tiene dos empleos y así y todo no le alcanza el dinero she has two jobs and even then she can't manage on the money she earns

no así: se mostraron muy satisfechos. No así los Vives, que no hicieron más que quejarse they were very pleased, unlike the Vives, who did nothing but complain o they were very pleased. The Vives, on the other hand did nothing but complain o they were very pleased. Not so the Vives, who did nothing but complain

o así: tendrá 30 años o así he must be about 30

gana unas cien mil al mes o así she earns around a hundred thousand a month

por así decirlo so to speak

así³

conjunction

(aunque) así + SUBJ:

lo encontraré, así se esconda en el fin del mundo I'll find him, no matter where he tries to hide

no pagaré así me encarcelen I won't pay even if they put me in prison

* * *

Del verbo asir: ( conjugate asir)

así es:

1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

Multiple Entries:
asir
así
asir ( conjugate asir) verbo transitivo (liter) to seize, grasp;
así a algn de or por algo:
◊ la asió de un brazo he seized o grasped her arm

asirse verbo pronominal (liter) asíse de or a algo: se asió a la cuerda she grabbed (hold of) o seized the rope;
caminaban asidos de la mano they walked hand in hand
así 1 adjetivo invariable
like that;
no seas así don't be like that;
con gente así yo no me meto I don't mix with people like that;
yo soy así that's the way I am;
así es la vida (fr hecha) that's life;
es un tanto así de hojas it's about that many pages;
esperamos horas ¿no es así? we waited for hours, didn't we?;
tanto es así que … so much so that …
así 2 adverbio
1 ( de este modo) like this;
( de ese modo) like that;
◊ ¿por qué me tratas así? why are you treating me like this?;

no le hables así don't talk to him like that;
¡así cualquiera! that's cheating! (colloq &
hum);
◊ así es como pasó this is how it happens;

no te pongas así don't get so worked up;
así me podré comprar lo que quiera that way I'll be able to buy whatever I want;
así es that's right;
¿está bien así o quieres más? is that enough, or do you want some more?;
y así sucesivamente and so on
2
◊ ¡así de fácil! it's as easy as that;

así de alto/grueso this high/thick
3 ( en locs)
◊ así así (fam) so-so;

así como así just like that;
¡así me gusta! (fr hecha) that's what I like to see!;
así nomás (AmL) just like that;
así pues so;
así que ( por lo tanto) so;
así y todo even so;
por así decirlo so to speak
asir verbo transitivo to grasp, seize
así
I adverbio
1 (de este modo) like this o that, this way: hazlo así, do it this way
es así de grande/alto, it is this big/tall
buscábamos algo así, we were looking for something like this o that
usted es bombero, ¿no es así?, you are a fireman, aren't you?
así así, so-so 2 estaremos de vuelta a las diez o así, we'll come back around ten o'clock
la casa tiene quince años o así, the house is fifteen years old or so
II conj así pasa lo que pasa, (por eso) that's why those things happen
así tenga que..., (aunque) even if I have to...
III excl (¡ojalá!) ¡así te rompas la crisma!, I hope you break your neck!
♦ Locuciones: así como, just as: así como Juan me parece adorable, no soporto a su hermana, just as I think Juan is adorable, I can't stand his sister
así pues, so
así que..., so...
' así' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
algo
- atizar
- aturullarse
- aun
- botepronto
- consentir
- de
- decir
- derecha
- derecho
- desahogarse
- desalmada
- desalmado
- destrozar
- disponer
- empujar
- escarmentar
- estar
- excitarse
- generalizar
- hilaridad
- impertinencia
- misma
- mismo
- necesaria
- necesario
- niñería
- no
- ojo
- panza
- pequeña
- pequeño
- por
- primera
- primero
- rezar
- resistir
- sic
- sucesivamente
- ver
- agradecer
- alguno
- atención
- autorizar
- avergonzar
- bien
- como
- conforme
- continuar
- cosa
English:
after
- as
- bull
- change over
- even
- forecast
- forth
- if
- inclined
- keep up
- lie down
- life
- like
- lot
- manner
- name
- offhand
- on
- outrank
- phrase
- rig
- same
- seem
- so
- so-so
- sort
- speak
- still
- such
- that
- then
- this
- thus
- way
- will
- bargain
- bring
- case
- do
- easy
- find
- get
- go
- instead
- kind
- pain
- stick
- take
- there
- want

* * *

así

♦ adv
[de este modo] this way, like this; [de ese modo] that way, like that;
ellos lo hicieron así they did it this way;

así es la vida that's life;

yo soy así that's just the way I am;

¿así me agradeces todo lo que he hecho por ti? is this how you thank me for everything I've done for you?;

así no vamos a ninguna parte we're not getting anywhere like this o this way;

¿eso le dijo? – así, como te lo cuento did she really say that to him? – (yes) indeed, those were her very words;

así así [no muy bien] so-so;

¿cómo te ha ido el examen? – así así how did the exam go? – so-so;

algo así [algo parecido] something like that;

tiene seis años o algo así she is six years old or something like that;

algo así como [algo igual a] something like;

el apartamento les ha costado algo así como 20 millones the Br flat o US apartment cost them something like 20 million;

así como [también] as well as;
[tal como] just as;
las inundaciones, así como la sequía, son catástrofes naturales both floods and droughts are natural disasters;

así como para los idiomas no vale, para las relaciones públicas nadie la supera whilst she may be no good at languages, there is no one better at public relations;

así como así [como si nada] as if it were nothing;
[irreflexivamente] lightly; [de cualquier manera] any old how;
¡no puedes marcharte así como así! you can't leave just like that!;

así cualquiera gana anyone could win that way o like that;

subimos hasta la cumbre en teleférico – ¡así cualquiera! we reached the summit by cable car – anyone could do that!;

así de… so…;

no seas así de celoso don't be so jealous;

era así de largo it was this/that long;

es así de fácil it's as easy as that;

no hace nada de ejercicio – así de gordo está he doesn't do any exercise – it's no wonder he's so fat;
Irónico
me ha costado muy barato – así de bueno será it was very cheap – don't expect it to be any good, then;

así es/fue como… that is/was how…;

así es [para asentir] that is correct, yes;

¡así me gusta! that's what I like (to see)!;

¡así me gusta, sigue trabajando duro! excellent, keep up the hard work!, that's what I like to see, keep up the hard work!;
Fam
así o asá either way, one way or the other;

el abrigo le quedaba pequeño, así es que se compró otro the coat was too small for her, so she bought another one;

así sea so be it;
Esp
así sin más, Am [m5] así no más o [m5] nomás just like that;

así y todo even so;

se ha estado medicando mucho tiempo y, así y todo, no se encuentra bien he's been taking medication for some time and even so he's no better;

aun así even so;

o así [más o menos] or so, or something like that;

y así thus, and so;

y así sucesivamente and so on, and so forth;

y así todos los días and the same thing happens day after day

♦ conj

1. [aunque] even if;

te encontraré así tenga que recorrer todas las calles de la ciudad I'll find you even if I have to look in every street in the city

2. Am [aun si] even if;

no nos lo dirá, así le paguemos he won't tell us, even if we pay him

♦ adj inv
[como éste] like this; [como ése] like that;
no seas así don't be like that;

con un coche así no se puede ir muy lejos you can't go very far with a car like this one;

una situación así es muy peligrosa such a situation is very dangerous

♦ interj

I hope…;

¡así no vuelva nunca! I hope he never comes back!;

¡así te parta un rayo! drop dead!

♦ así pues loc conj

so, therefore;

no firmaron el tratado, así pues la guerra era inevitable they didn't sign the treaty, so war became inevitable

♦ así que loc conj
[de modo que] so;
la película empieza dentro de media hora, así que no te entretengas the movie o Br film starts in half an hour, so don't be long;

¿así que te vas a presentar candidato? so you're going to stand as a candidate, are you?

♦ así que loc adv
[tan pronto como] as soon as;
así que tengamos los resultados del análisis, le citaremos para la visita as soon as we have the results of the test we'll make an appointment for you

* * *

así

I adv

1 (de este modo) like this;

así de grande this big;

así o asá this way or that (way)

2 (de ese modo) like that;

una cosa así a thing like that, something like that;

soy así (yo) that’s how I am;

una casa así a house like that;

así es that’s right;

así no más S.Am. just like that;

así como así just like that;

así así so-so

II conj

:

así como al igual que while, whereas;

así y todo even so;

así pues so;

así que so;

así (es) que so that’s how, so that’s why;

¿así que no vienes? so you’re not coming?;

tanto es así, que … and (as a result) …;

… tanto es así, que varias estaciones han cerrado … and (as a result) a number of stations are closed

* * *

así adv

1) : like this, like that

2) : so, thus

así sea: so be it

3)

así de : so, about so

una caja así de grande: a box about so big

4)

así que : so, therefore

5)

así como : as well as

6)

así así : so-so, fair

así adj

: such, such a

un talento así es inestimable: a talent like that is priceless

así conj

aunque: even if, even though

no irá, así le paguen: he won't go, even if they pay him

* * *

así adv

1. (de esta manera) like this / this way

se hace así you do it like this

2. (de esa manera) like that / that way

un ordenador así a computer like that

así, así so so

así de... this...

era así de grande it was this big

así que so

así que no te preocupes so don't worry

¡así que te vas! so you're going, are you?

o así or so

Spanish-English dictionary > así
14 more

more [mɔ:(r)]

plus de ⇒ 1 (a), 6 1 davantage de ⇒ 1 (a) plus ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (b), 3 (a), 3 (b) davantage ⇒ 2 (a), 3 (b) encore ⇒ 2 (b) plutôt ⇒ 3 (c) de plus en plus ⇒ 4 plus que ⇒ 6 2

1 adjective

(a) (compar of many, much) (larger quantity or number of) plus de, davantage de;

∎ there were more boys than girls il y avait plus de garçons que de filles;

∎ there's much or a lot or far more room in the other building il y a beaucoup plus de place dans l'autre bâtiment

(b) (additional quantity or number of)

∎ you should eat more fish tu devrais manger davantage de ou plus de poisson;

∎ I need more time j'ai besoin de plus de temps;

∎ three more people arrived trois autres personnes sont arrivées;

∎ there's only one more problem to solve il n'y a plus qu'un problème à résoudre;

∎ do you have any more questions? avez-vous d'autres questions?;

∎ do you have any more stamps? est-ce qu'il vous reste des timbres?;

∎ I have no more money je n'ai plus d'argent;

∎ is there any more butter? est-ce qu'il reste du beurre?;

∎ just wait a few more minutes patiente encore quelques instants;

∎ a little more sugar? encore un peu de sucre?;

∎ have some more wine reprends du vin;

∎ there are no more or there aren't any more green lampshades il n'y a plus d'abat-jour verts;

∎ no more talking maintenant, taisez-vous ou silence!;

∎ there'll be no more skiing this winter le ski est fini pour cet hiver;

∎ there have been several more incidents in the same area plusieurs autres incidents se sont produits dans le même quartier;

∎ bring me some more potatoes, please apporte-moi encore des pommes de terre, s'il te plaît;

∎ there's some more paper in that drawer il y a encore du papier dans ce tiroir;

∎ would you like some more soup? voulez-vous un peu plus de soupe?

2 pronoun

(a) (compar of many, much) (larger amount) plus, davantage; (greater number) plus;

∎ he earns more than I do or than me il gagne plus que moi;

∎ I wish I could do more for her j'aimerais pouvoir l'aider plus ou davantage;

∎ it'll take a lot more than that to persuade them il en faudra bien plus (que ça) ou bien davantage pour les convaincre;

∎ some opted for A, but many more chose B certains ont choisi A, mais ceux qui ont choisi B étaient bien plus nombreux;

∎ there are more of them than there are of us ils sont plus nombreux que nous;

∎ he's even more of a coward than I thought il est encore plus lâche que je ne pensais;

∎ it's more of a problem now than it used to be ça pose plus de problèmes maintenant qu'avant;

∎ she's more of a singer than a dancer c'est une chanteuse plus qu'une danseuse

(b) (additional amount) plus, encore;

∎ there's more if you want it il y en a encore si tu veux;

∎ he asked for more il en redemanda;

∎ I couldn't eat any more, thanks je ne pourrais plus rien avaler, merci;

∎ she just can't take any more elle n'en peut vraiment plus;

∎ please can I have some more? (food) puis-je en reprendre, s'il vous plaît?;

∎ there are some more here that you haven't washed il en reste ici que tu n'as pas lavés;

∎ I could say more, but… je pouvais en dire plus mais…;

∎ something/nothing more quelque chose/rien de plus;

∎ I have something/nothing more to say j'ai encore quelque chose/je n'ai plus rien à dire;

∎ he's just a good friend, nothing more c'est un bon ami, rien de plus;

∎ what more can I say? que puis-je dire de plus?;

∎ what more do you want? que voulez-vous de plus?;

∎ familiar what more could you ask for! que demande le peuple!;

∎ but more of that later… mais nous reparlerons de ça plus tard…;

∎ I want no more of this defeatist talk je ne veux plus de ces discours défaitistes;

∎ that's more like it! voilà, c'est mieux!;

∎ no more no less ni plus ni moins;

∎ more of the same la même chose;

∎ the government simply promises more of the same le gouvernement se contente de refaire les mêmes promesses;

∎ there's plenty more where that came from si vous en revoulez, il n'y a qu'à demander;

∎ need I say more? si tu vois ce que je veux dire;

∎ familiar say no more! cela suffit!, n'en dis pas plus!

(c) familiar (additional people)

∎ any more for the ferry? qui d'autre prend le ferry?^□ ;

∎ humorous any more for any more? (food) est-ce que quelqu'un veut du rab?

3 adverb

(a) (forming comparatives) plus;

∎ more intelligent plus intelligent;

∎ more comfortably plus confortablement

(b) (to a greater extent or degree) plus, davantage;

∎ you should read more tu devrais lire plus ou davantage;

∎ it worries me more than it used to ça m'inquiète plus qu'avant;

∎ this more than makes up for it ça fait plus que compenser;

∎ I like wine more than beer je préfère le vin à la bière, j'aime mieux le vin que la bière;

∎ I would think more of her if she owned up j'aurais une plus haute opinion d'elle si elle avouait;

∎ he's intelligent but his sister is more so il est intelligent mais sa sœur l'est davantage;

∎ I'll give you £20, not a penny more je te donnerai 20 livres, pas un sou de plus

(c) (rather) plutôt;

∎ she was more disappointed than angry elle était plus déçue que fâchée;

∎ do it more like this fais-le plutôt comme ceci;

∎ it's more a question of who foots the bill il s'agit plutôt de savoir qui paiera la facture

(d) (again)

∎ once/twice more encore une/deux fois

4 more and more

1 adjective

de plus en plus;

∎ more and more people are using it de plus en plus de gens l'utilisent

2 adverb

de plus en plus;

∎ more and more interesting de plus en plus intéressant;

∎ I was growing more and more tired j'étais de plus en plus fatigué;

∎ I like him more and more each time I see him à chaque fois que je le vois je l'apprécie davantage

5 more or less adverb

(a) (roughly) plus ou moins;

∎ that's more or less what I expected c'est plus ou moins ce à quoi je m'attendais;

∎ is that correct? - well, more or less est-ce que c'est vrai? - plus ou moins, oui

(b) (almost) presque;

∎ we've more or less finished nous avons presque terminé

6 more than

1 preposition

(with numbers, measurements etc) plus de;

∎ more than 500 people plus de 500 personnes;

∎ it costs much or a lot more than $50 ça coûte bien plus de 50 dollars;

∎ for little more than £500 pour à peine plus de 500 livres;

∎ I won't be more than two hours je n'en ai pas pour plus de deux heures, j'en ai pour deux heures au maximum

2 adverb

plus que;

∎ I'd be more than happy to do it je serais ravi de le faire;

∎ you've been more than generous vous avez été plus que généreux;

∎ that's more than enough c'est plus qu'il n'en faut;

∎ this more than makes up for his previous mistakes voilà qui rachète largement ses anciennes erreurs

7 more than a little adverb

vraiment;

∎ we were more than a little shocked nous étions vraiment choqués

8 no more adverb

(a) (neither) non plus;

∎ he doesn't believe the rumours and no more do I il ne croit pas les rumeurs et moi non plus

(b) (as little) pas plus;

∎ she's no more a spy than I am! elle n'est pas plus espionne que moi!;

∎ I would no more have suspected him than I would my own mother je ne l'aurais pas soupçonné davantage que ma propre mère;

∎ it's no more dangerous than crossing the street ce n'est pas plus dangereux que de traverser la rue;

∎ familiar they can no more act than fly in the air ils jouent comme des pieds

(c) literary (no longer)

∎ no more will she grace our company plus jamais elle ne nous tiendra compagnie;

∎ the Empire is no more l'Empire n'est plus

9 not…any more adverb

∎ we don't go there any more nous n'y allons plus;

∎ he still works here, doesn't he? - not any more (he doesn't) il travaille encore ici, n'est-ce pas? - non, plus maintenant

10 the more adverb

formal d'autant plus;

∎ I was the more disappointed j'étais d'autant plus déçu;

∎ they went the more willingly on that account ils y sont allés d'autant plus volontiers;

∎ the more so because… d'autant plus que…

11 the more…the more conjunction

plus…plus;

∎ the more they have, the more they want plus ils en ont, plus ils en veulent;

∎ the more I see him, the more I like him plus je le vois, plus il me plaît

12 what is more, what's more adverb

qui plus est

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > more
15 vrai

vrai, e [vʀε]

1. adjective

   a. ( = exact) true

• ce que tu dis est vrai what you say is true

• tu as peur, pas vrai ? (inf) you're scared, aren't you?

• tu veux venir aussi, pas vrai ? (inf) you want to come too, don't you?

• c'est pas vrai ! (inf) (dénégation) it just isn't true! ; (surprise) I don't believe it!

• c'est pas vrai ! j'ai encore oublié mes clés ! (inf) I don't believe it! I've forgotten my keys again!

• il n'en est pas moins vrai que... it's nonetheless true that...

• ce n'est que trop vrai it's only too true

   b. (avant le nom) ( = réel) real

• une vraie blonde a real blonde

• son vrai nom c'est Charles his real name is Charles

• ce sont ses vrais cheveux that's his own hair

• lui c'est un cheik, un vrai de vrai (inf) he's a sheik - the real thing (inf)

• un vrai socialiste a true socialist

   c. (avant le nom) (intensif) real

• c'est une vraie mère pour moi she's a real mother to me

• un vrai chef-d'œuvre/héros a real masterpiece/hero

• c'est un vrai fou ! he's completely mad!

2. masculine noun

   a. ( = vérité) le vrai the truth

• il y a du vrai dans ce qu'il dit there's some truth in what he says

• distinguer le vrai du faux to distinguish truth from falsehood

• il dit vrai he's right

• à vrai dire

• à dire vrai to tell the truth

   b. ( = réalité)

► en vrai (inf) in real life

► pour de vrai (inf) really

• c'est pour de vrai ? (inf) do you (or they etc) really mean it?

* * *

1.

vraie vʀɛ adjectif

1) ( conforme à la vérité) true

c'est bien vrai! — that's absolutely true!

il n'en est pas moins vrai que... — it's nonetheless true that...

il n'y a rien de vrai dans ses déclarations — there's no truth in his/her statements

c'est bien toi qui l'as pris, pas vrai? — you took it, didn't you?

son film ne montre pas le vrai Napoléon — his/her film doesn't show the real Napoleon

2) ( réel) true

une histoire vraie — a true story

la vraie raison de mon départ — the real reason for my leaving

3) ( authentique) real, genuine; [jumeau] identical

un vrai Rembrandt — a genuine Rembrandt

une vraie blonde — a natural blonde

4) ( intensif) real, veritable

c'est un vrai régal — it's a real delight

la pièce est une vraie fournaise — the room is like an oven

ma vie est un vrai roman — my life is like something out of a novel

5) ( naturel) (after n) [personnage, caractère] true to life; [sentiments, émotion] true

plus vrai que nature — [tableau, scène] larger than life (après n)

2.

nom masculin truth

il y a du vrai dans ce que tu dis — there's some truth in what you say

on ne distingue plus le vrai du faux dans leur histoire — one can't tell fact from fiction in their story

être dans le vrai — to be in the right

pour de vrai — for real

à vrai dire, à dire vrai — to tell the truth

3.

adverbe

faire vrai — to look real

parler vrai — to speak plainly

son discours sonne vrai — his speech has the ring of truth

* * *
vʀɛ vrai, -e
1. adj

1) (= véridique) (récit, faits) true

une histoire vraie — a true story

C'est vrai? — Is that true?

il est vrai que — it is true that

2) (= authentique) real

2. nm

il y a du vrai dans... — there is some truth in...

Il y a du vrai dans ce que vous dites. — There is some truth in what you say.

être dans le vrai — to be right

à vrai dire... — to tell the truth...

* * *

vrai, vraie

A adj

1 ( conforme à la vérité) true; c'est bien vrai! that's absolutely true!; ce n'est que trop vrai it's only too true; il n'en est pas moins vrai que… it's nonetheless true that…; vrai de vrai○ absolutely true; il n'y a rien de vrai dans ses déclarations there's no truth in his statements; c'est bien toi qui l'as pris, pas vrai? YOU took it, didn't you?; j'ai bien le droit de plaisanter, pas vrai? I can have a joke if I like, can't I?; son film ne montre pas le vrai Napoléon his film doesn't show the real Napoleon;

2 ( réel) true; une histoire vraie a true story; ils avaient, il est vrai, un avantage au départ true, they had an advantage at the start; aussi vrai que je vous voie maintenant as true as I'm standing here; la vraie raison de mon départ the real reason for my leaving; mais c'est pas vrai!○ I don't believe it!;

3 ( authentique) real, genuine; [jumeau] identical; un vrai diamant a real diamond; le vrai problème n'est pas là that's not the real problem; il n'a pas de vrais amis he doesn't have any real friends; un vrai Rembrandt a genuine Rembrandt; une vraie blonde a natural blonde;

4 ( intensif) real, veritable; c'est un vrai miracle it's a real ou veritable miracle; un vrai petit Mozart a real little Mozart; c'est un vrai régal it's a real delight; c'est un vrai salaud◑ he 's a real bastard◑; la pièce est une vraie fournaise/glacière the room is like an oven/a fridge; ma vie est un vrai roman my life is like something out of a novel;

5 ( naturel) (after n) [personnage, caractère] true to life; [sentiments, émotion] true; plus vrai que nature [tableau, scène] larger than life ( après n).

B nm truth; il y a du vrai dans ce que tu dis there's some truth in what you say; on ne distingue plus le vrai du faux dans leur histoire one can't tell fact from fiction in their story; être dans le vrai to be in the right; pour de vrai for real; au vrai in truth; à vrai dire, à dire vrai to tell the truth; peut-être dit-il vrai he may be telling the truth; ⇒ prêcher.

C adv faire vrai to look real; parler vrai to speak plainly; son discours sonne vrai his speech has the ring of truth.

( féminin vraie) [vrɛ] adjectif

1. [exact] true

il n'y a pas un mot de vrai dans son témoignage there's not a word of truth in her testimony

ce serait plus facile — c'est vrai mais... it would be easier — true ou certainly ou granted but...

ma voiture peut monter jusqu'à 300 km/h — c'est vrai? my car can do up to 300 km/h — can it (really) ou oh really?

c'est vrai qu'on n'a pas eu de chance (familier) true, we were a bit unlucky

pas vrai? (familier) : il l'a bien mérité, pas vrai? he deserved it, didn't he?

on ira tous les deux, pas vrai! we'll go together, OK?

c'est pas vrai!

a. (familier) [pour nier] it's ou that's not true!

b. [ton incrédule] you're joking!

c. [ton exaspéré] I don't believe this!

d. [ton horrifié] my God, no!

c'est si vrai que... so much so that...

il est vrai que... it's true (to say) that...

il est très irritable, il est vrai qu'il n'est pas encore habitué à eux he's very irritable, true, he's not used to them yet

il est bien vrai que... it's absolutely true ou it can't be denied that...

2. [authentique - cuir, denrée] genuine, real ; [ - or] real ; [ - connaisseur] real, true ; [ - royaliste, républicain] true

c'est une copie, ce n'est pas un vrai Modigliani it's a copy, it's not a real Modigliani

les vraies rousses sont rares there are few genuine ou real redheads

ce ne sont pas ses vraies dents they're not her own teeth

c'est un vrai gentleman he's a real gentleman

ça c'est de la bière, de la vraie! (familier) that's what I call beer!

c'est vrai, ce mensonge? (familier & humoristique) are you fibbing?

il n'y a que ça de vrai: le soleil, il n'y a que ça de vrai give me sunshine anyday

pour enlever les taches, l'acétone, il n'y a que ça de vrai to remove stains, acetone's the thing

vrai de vrai: je pars avec toi — vrai de vrai? I'm going with you — really (and truly)?

ça c'est de la bière, de la vraie de vraie! that's what I call beer!

3. [non fictif, non inventé - raison] real

c'est une histoire vraie it's a true story

4. (avant le nom) [à valeur intensive] real, complete, utter

c'est un vrai désastre it's a real ou an utter disaster

elle a été une vraie sœur pour moi she was a real sister to me

c'est une vraie folle! she's completely crazy!

5. [franc, naturel - personne, acteur] straightforward

des dialogues vrais dialogues that ring true

des personnages vrais characters that are true to life

6. (avant le nom) [assigné] true

7. ASTRONOMIE

temps vrai true time

————————

adverbe

1. [conformément à la vérité]

elle dit vrai

a. [elle dit la vérité] she's telling the truth

b. [elle a raison] she's right, what she says is right

tu n'en veux plus? — non, vrai, j'ai trop mangé don't you want some more? — no, really, I've eaten too much already

2. [avec vraisemblance]

des auteurs qui écrivent/acteurs qui jouent vrai authors whose writing/actors whose acting is true to life

faire vrai [décor, prothèse] to look real

3. (familier & vieilli) [exprime la surprise, l'irritation]

vrai, j'ai cru que je n'en verrais jamais la fin! I thought I'd never see the back of it, I did!

————————

nom masculin

le vrai [la vérité] the truth

il y a du ou un peu de vrai dans ses critiques there's some truth ou an element of truth in her criticism

être dans le vrai to be right

————————

à dire (le) vrai

→ link=àà vrai dire

————————

au vrai locution adverbiale

to be specific

au vrai, voici ce qui s'est passé specifically, this is what took place

à vrai dire locution adverbiale

in actual fact, to tell you the truth, to be quite honest

————————

pour de vrai locution adverbiale

(familier) really, truly

cette fois-ci, je pars pour de vrai this time I'm really leaving

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > vrai
16 to

tu: (полная форма) ;
(редуцированная форма, употр. перед гласными) ;
(редуцированная форма, употр. перед согласными)
1. предл.
1) местные и пространственные значения а) выражает движение к какой-л. точке и достижение ее, управляет словом, обозначающим эту точку;
также с наречиями к, в, тж. перен. Forester was sent to Edinburgh. ≈ Форестера послали в Эдинбург. The first train to London. ≈ Первый поезд в Лондон, на Лондон. He has removed to near Rugby. ≈ Он переехал поблизости от Регби. Come here to me. ≈ Подойди сюда ко мне. When he came to the crown. ≈ Когда он взошел на престол. To trace how the stories came to Spain. ≈ Отследить, как вести об этом попали в Испанию. б) значение направления в какую-л. сторону к, на Standing with his back to me. ≈ Он стоял спиной ко мне. He pointed to a clump of trees. ≈ Он указал на рощицу. The bedrooms to the back are much larger. ≈ Спальни на задней стороне дома гораздо больше. в) выражает предел движения, протяжения в пространстве до Protestant to the backbone. ≈ Протестант до мозга костей. The thermometer has risen to above
32. ≈ Температура перевалила за
32. It is eleven miles from Oxford to Witney. ≈ От Оксфорда до Уитни одиннадцать миль. г) выражает нахождение где-л. в, на Stayed to Canfields all night. ≈ Оставался в Кенфилдс всю ночью Were you ever to the Botanic Gardens? ≈ Ты когда-нибудь бывал в Ботаническом Саду? to work д) выражает соположение, соприкосновение к, у He stood up to the wall. ≈ Он стоял, прислонившись к стене. His mouth to my mouth. ≈ Его рот касался моего. They will find everything ready to their hands. ≈ У них все будет под рукой.
2) временные отношения;
временной предел, окончание срока к, до The parliament was prorogued to the tenth of February. ≈ Перерыв в работе парламента должен был продлиться до десятого февраля. The business hours were from ten to six. ≈ Рабочий день был с десяти до шести. How long is it to dinner, sir? ≈ Сколько осталось до ужина, сэр? It was exactly a quarter to four o'clock. ≈ Было без четверти четыре. Ainsworth came to this time. ≈ К этому времени подошел Эйнсворт.
3) отношения достижения цели, результата, эффекта а) выражает цель деятельности для, под The captain came to our rescue. ≈ Капитан пришел к нам на помощь. The indispensable means to our end. ≈ Необходимые средства для достижения нашей цели. You sit down to Scripture at your bureau. ≈ Засядь-ка за Писание у себя в кабинете. Having laid down a few acres to oats. ≈ Отведя несколько акров под овес. The land sown to barley increases. ≈ Площади, засеваемые хмелем, расширяются. б) конечный пункт движения, ожидаемый исход, результат He had made up his mind to the event. ≈ Он настроился на это дело. To his astonishment. ≈ К его удивлению. To light those buildings by electricity, to the total exclusion of gas. ≈ Освещать эти здания электричеством, что приведет к полному отказу от газа. But now, to his despair, he felt that his patient herself was fighting against his skill. ≈ Теперь, к своему отчаянию, он понял, что теперь против него борется и сам пациент. The glasses are all to bits. ≈ Стекла все вдребезги разбиты. в) по отношению к, в отношении к Instead of marrying Torfrida, I have more mind to her niece. ≈ Я не хочу жениться на Торфриде, у меня больше склонности к ее племяннице. This lease is a document of title to land. ≈ Этот документ об аредне есть документ о праве собственности на эту землю. The high-born poem which had Sackville to father. ≈ Поэт благородного происхождения, чей отец был Сэквилл.
4) со словами, выражающими объем, степень, размер Sir Tomkyn swore he was hers to the last drop of his blood. ≈ Сэр Томкин поклялся, что принадлежит ей полностью, до самой последней капли крови. He was generally punctual to a minute. ≈ Он был обычно пунктуален до минут. The bishops were hostile to a man. ≈ Все священнки до единого были враждебны. Gallant, courteous, and brave, even to chivalry. ≈ Галантный, вежливый и бесстрашный, почти до рыцарства. She was in love with him to distraction. ≈ Она была влюблена в него до самозабвения. The schoolroom was hot to suffocation. ≈ В классе было жарко так, что можно было задохнуться.
5) в значении добавки, добавления, приложения а) под, к, вместе с;
у It is impossible any longer to find a pound of butter or cream to our tea in all the country. ≈ Теперь нигде невозможно найти ни масла, ни сливок к чаю. I am growing old, and want more mustard to my meat. ≈ Я старею, мне требуется больше горчицы к мясу. One little boy complained that there was no rim to his plate. ≈ Один мальчик пожаловался, что у его тарелки не было края. Without clothing to his back, or shoes to his feet. ≈ Спина была голая, на ногах не было обуви. ride to hounds б) о музыке There is an old song, to the tune of La Belle Catharine. ≈ Есть старая песенка, на мелодию "La Belle Catharine". в) к My lips might freeze to my teeth. ≈ У меня губы сейчас к зубам примерзнут. To that opinion I shall always adhere. ≈ Я всегда буду выражать эти взгляды. г) для Courage is the body to will. ≈ Смелость - плоть для воли. The Hall now forms the vestibule to the Houses of Parliament. ≈ Этот зал теперь служит вестибюлем перед залами заседаний парламента. д) у, в (как свойство, характеристика) Tell me what there is to this shindy. ≈ Ну-ка расскажи, о чем здесь веселье There's a lot to him that doesn't show up on the surface. ≈ В нем есть многое, что не видно на поверхности.
6) отношение к стандарту, точке отсчета а) для, при, по сравнению с, на фоне It was so thick to its length. ≈ При ее длинне эта штука была очень толстая. Now, pretty well to what they had been. ≈ Теперь они чувствуют себя гораздо лучше, по сравнению с тем, что с ними было. Strangely contrasted to the chill aspect of the lake. ≈ Странно контрастирующий с леденящим видом озера. б) к (о соотношении сил) Their enemies were four to one. ≈ Враг превосходил их по численности в четыре раза. Mr. Gladstone's motion was carried by 337 to
38. ≈ Предложение г-на Гладстона прошло, за 337 человек, против
38. Odds are ten to three. ≈ Ставки десять к трем. в) по, для, в соответствии с He dresses to the fashion. ≈ Он одевается по моде. Temple is not a man to our taste. ≈ Для нас Темпл не человек. Men were noodles to her. ≈ Для нее все мужчины были слабаки. To all appearance. ≈ Судя по всему. He has not been here to-day to my knowledge. ≈ Насколько я знаю, сегодня его не было. г) к, в отношении, по поводу What will Doris say to it? ≈ Что на это говорит Дорис? д) с, к, по отношению к Inclined to the horizon. ≈ Наклоненный к горизонту. He was unable to see how they lie to each other. ≈ Он не мог осознать, насколько они лгут друг другу.
7) скорее аффективные значения а) переход к какой-л. деятельности Let's to it presently. ≈ Давайте теперь обратимся к этому. Come, lads, all hands to work! ≈ Так, ребята, за работу! б) причинение кому-л. или чему-л. чего-л. I presented the gun to him without any other idea but that of intimidation. ≈ Я наставил на него пистолет, имея в виду только испугать его. His father's unmerciful use of the whip to him. ≈ Отец нещадно охаживал его кнутом. Clodius had an old grudge to the King, for refusing to ransom him. ≈ У Клодия давно были к королю счеты зуб за то, что тот не выкупил его. в) обращение к кому-л. Did you not mark a woman, my son rose to? ≈ Разве ты не отметил ту женщину, которой поклонился мой сын? A hymn in hexameters to the Virgin Mary. ≈ Гекзаметрический гимн в честь Девы Марии. Come, speak to him! ≈ Ну же, заговори с ним! With continual toasting healths to the Royal Family. ≈ С бесконечными тостами за здравие королевской фамилии. г) реакция на что-л. The dead leaf trembles to the bells. ≈ Колокольный звон колышет мертвые листья. All the throng who have danced to a merry tune. ≈ Все те, что танцевали под развеселые мелодии (Питер Хэммилл, "Детская вера во взросление")
8) синтаксические функции утраченного дательного падежа а) обозначает реципиента Great dishonour would redound to us. ≈ Великое бесчестие обратится на нас. Having a Son born to him. ≈ У него родился сын. We had the railway-carriage all to ourselves. ≈ Нам был целиком предоставлен вагон. They acted under no authority known to the law. ≈ Они действовали по праву, которого не знает закон. б) обозначает носителя эмоции To these men Luther is a papist, and Caluin is the right prophet. ≈ Для этих людей Лютер папист, а Кальвин - истинный пророк. To me it is simply absurd. ≈ По мне, это просто абсурд. It means a great deal to him. ≈ Для него это много значит. в) указывает объект чувства That natural horror we have to evil. ≈ Наше естественное отвращение ко злу. Bacchus is a friend to Love. ≈ Вакх друг любви. That homage to which they had aspired. ≈ Уважение к себе, к которому они стремились. г) указывает на ссылку или источник I have already alluded to the fact. ≈ Я уже ссылался на это. Menander attests to it. ≈ Об этом свидетельствует Менандр. д) в управлении ряда глаголов, вводит непрямой объект We fought them and put them to the run. ≈ Мы сразились с ними и обратили их в бегство. This day's paper I devote to women. ≈ Сегодняшний доклад я посвящаяю женщинам. To admit Roman Catholics to municipal advantages. ≈ Предоставить католикам городские привилегии. е) фин. вводит статью расхода To Balance from 1899 195 pounds 11s. ≈ На покрытие баланса за 1899 год 195 фунтов 11 шиллингов 3 To J. Bevan and Co., for Bales, 2349 pounds. ≈ Дж.Бевиану и Ко, за Бейлс, 2349 фунтов. ж) вводит лиц, использующих какое-л. стандартное именование или выражение Terence James MacSwiney on the baptismal register, but Terry always to his friends. ≈ Теренс Джеймс Максвини значится в церковной книге, но для друзей он всегда был Терри. Lindy( Miss Hoffmann to the kids) had to give it back down to them. ≈ Линди (для детей мисс Хоффманн) пришлось отдать эту вещь им обратно.
2. нареч.
1) направление, прямо может не переводиться Three young owls with their feathers turned wrong end to. ≈ Три совенка с перьями, развернутыми не туда.
2) а) контакт, сопркосновение I can't get the lid of the trunk quite to. ≈ Я не могу закрыть крышку сундука. б) готовность Th horses are to. ≈ Лошади готовы.
3. частица
1) приинфинитивная частица You have to help him. ≈ Тебе нужно помочь ему.
2) своего рода местоглаголие, заменяет опущенный инфинитив I kept on, I had to. ≈ Но я прошел дальше, я был должен. I wanted to turn round and look. It was an effort not to. ≈ Я хотел оглянуться. Стоило громадных усилий не сделать этого. указывает на приведение в нужное состояние или положение, передается глагольными приставками при-, за- - to pull the shutters to закрыть ставни - push the door to захлопни дверь - the door blew to дверь захлопнулась - put the horses to запряги(те) лошадей указывает на начало действия: за - we turned to gladly /with a will/ мы с воодушевлением взялись за работу - they were hungry and fell to они были голодны и набросились на еду указывает на приведение в сознание или возвращение сознания - he came to он пришел в себя - to bring smb. to with smelling salts привести кого-л. в сознание нюхательной солью указывает на определенное направление - his hat is on the wrong side to у него неправильно надета шляпа - a ship moored head to корабль, пришвартованный против ветра - to and again( устаревшее) с одного места на другое;
туда и сюда;
взад и вперед;
из стороны в сторону;
в разные стороны;
вверх и вниз - to and back с одного места на другое;
туда и сюда;
взад и вперед;
из стороны в сторону;
в разные стороны;
вверх и вниз - close to рядом - we were close to when it happened мы были рядом, когда это случилось - keep her to! (морское) держи к ветру (команда) в пространственном значении указывает на направление: к, в, на - the road to London дорога в Лондон - the way to glory путь к славе - a flight to the Moon полет на Луну /в сторону Луны/ - head to the sea (морское) против волны - on one's way to the station по дороге к станции /на станцию/ - to go to town ехать /отправляться/ в город - to go to the sea ехать к морю, поехать на море - to go to Smith пойти к Смиту - where will she go to? куда она пойдет? - to turn to the left повернуть налево - to point to smth. указывать на что-л. - to see smb. to the station проводить кого-л. на вокзал - to hold up one's hands to heaven воздевать руки к небу - to put a pistol to his head приставить пистолет к его голове - I'm off to London я отправляюсь в Лондон - he wears his best clothes to church он ходит в церковь в парадном костюме в пространственном значении указывает на движение до соприкосновения с чем-л.: на, за, к - to fall to the ground упасть на землю - he swung his kit-bag to his back он закинул вещевой мешок за спину в пространственном значении указывает на расстояние: до - is it far to Moscow? далеко ли до Москвы? - it is five miles to the station до станции пять миль в пространственном значении указывает на положение по отношению к чему-л.: к, на;
вместе с сущ. тж. передается наречиями - rooms to the back задние комнаты - with one's feet to the fire протянув ноги к огню - with one's back to the wall спиной к стене - to lie to the south of лежать /быть расположенным/ к югу от - the window looks to the north окно выходит на север - placed at the right angle to the wall поставленный под прямым углом к стене - perpendicular to the floor перпендикулярно к полу - a line tangent to a circle (математика) касательная к окружности в пространственном значении указывает на временное местопребывание( после глагола be в префекте): в - he has been to Volgograd twice this year в этом году он дважды был в Волгограде - have you been to bed? вы спали? в пространственном значении указывает на (американизм) (разговорное) (диалектизм) пребывание в каком-л. месте: в - he is to home он дома в пространственном значении указывает на посещение какого-л. учреждения: в - to go to school ходить в школу - to go to the theatre ходить /идти/ в театр указывает на лицо, реже предмет, к которому направлено действие: к, перед;
часто передается тж. дат. падежом - greetings to smb. приветствие кому-л. - to listen to smb., smth. слушать кого-л., что-л. - to speak to smb. разговаривать с кем-л. - to send smth. to smb. послать что-л. кому-л. - to explain smth. to smb. объяснить что-л. кому-л. - to submit the material to the committee представить материалы в комитет - to reveal a secret to smb. открыть кому-л. секрет - to apologize to smb. извиниться перед кем-л. - to play to packed houses играть перед полным залом - he showed the picture to all his friends он показал картину всем своим друзьям - he spoke to the demonstration он обратился с речью к участникам демонстрации - whom did you give the letter to? кому вы отдали письмо? указывает на лицо или предмет, воспринимающие какое-л. воздействие или впечатление или являющиеся объектом какого-л. отношения: к, для;
по отношению к;
передается тж. дат. падежом - attitude to smb., smth. отношение к кому-л., чему-л. - his duty to his country его долг по отношению к родине, его патриотический долг - known to smb. известный кому-л. - clear to smb. ясный кому-л. /для кого-л./ - favourable to smb. благоприятный для кого-л. - unjust to smb. несправедливый к кому-л. - a symptom alarming to the doctor тревожный симптом для доктора - pleasing to smb. приятный кому-л. - to be cruel to smb. быть жестоким к кому-л. - it was a mystery to them для них это было загадкой - injurious to smb., smth. вредный для кого-л., чего-л. - it seems to me that мне кажется, что - smth. has happened to him с ним что-то случилось указывает на лицо, эмоционально или интеллектуально заинтересованное в чем-л.;
обычно передается дат. падежом - what is that to you? тебе-то какое до этого дело?;
ты-то тут причем?;
почему это тебя интересует? - life is nothing to him он не дорожит жизнью указывает на лицо, в честь которого что-л. совершается или провозглашается: в честь, за;
передается тж. дат. падежом - a toast to your success тост за ваш успех - here is to your health за ваше здоровье - a hymn to the sun гимн солнцу - to build a monument to smb. воздвигнуть памятник кому-л. /в честь кого-л./ указывает на объект высказывания и т. п.: в, о, на или придаточное предложение - to bear witness to smth. давать показания о чем-л. - to testify to smth. показывать, что;
представлять доказательства о том, что - to swear to smth. поклясться в чем-л. - to speak to smth. высказываться в поддержку чего-л. - to confess to smth. признаваться в чем-л. - to allude to smth. сослаться или намекнуть на что-л. указывает на объект права, претензии и т. п. - to have a right to smth. иметь право на что-л. - to lay a claim to smth. заявить претензию на что-л. - the pretender to the throne претендент на трон - a document of title to land документ, дающий право на владение землей указывает на (сознательную) реакцию на что-л.: на;
передается тж. дат. падежом - (dis) obediance to smb.'s orders (не) подчинение чьему-л. приказу - in answer /in reply/ to smth. в ответ на что-л. - to reply to smb. отвечать кому-л. - to come to smb.'s call явиться по чьему-л. зову /на чей-л. зов/ - what do you say to that? что вы скажете по этому поводу? - what did he say to my suggestion? как он отнесся к моему предложению? - what do you say to a short walk? как насчет того, чтобы прогуляться? указывает на эмоциональную реакцию на что-л. или оценку чего-л.: к - to his surprise к его удивлению - to his credit к его чести - to her horror, the beast approached к ее ужасу, зверь приближался указывает на реакцию неодушевленных предметов на что-л. - waves sparkling to the moonbeams волны, сверкающие в лунном свете - flimsy houses that shake to the wind легкие домики, которые дрожат от ветра указывает на предел или степень: до - to the end, to the last до конца - to a man до последнего человека - to a certain extent до некоторой степени - to a high degree в высокой /в большой/ степени - to the exclusion of all others и никто больше, и никто другой - tired to death смертельно усталый - wet to the skin промокший до костей - stripped to the waist раздетый до пояса - shaken to the foundations поколебленный до основания - rotten to the core насквозь гнилой, прогнивший до сердцевины - to fight to the last drop of one's blood биться до последней капли крови - to defend one's country to the death стоять насмерть, защищая родину - to count up to ten считать до десяти - to cut smth. down to a minimum довести что-л. до минимума - the hall was filled to capacity зал был заполнен до отказа - the membership of the club increased to 350 количество челнов клуба достигло 350 - the room was hot to suffocation от жары в комнате нечем было дышать указывает на временной предел: до - to the end of June до конца июня - to the end of one's life до конца своей жизни - the custom survives to this day этот обычай сохранился до наших дней /существует и поныне/ - I shall remember it to my dying day я буду помнить это до (своего) смертного часа указывает на степень точности: до - to an inch с точностью до дюйма - a year to the day ровно год (день в день) - to guess the weight of smth. to within a kilo угадать вес чего-л. почти до килограмма - the train arrived to a minute поезд прибыл минута в минуту указывает на пределы колебаний: до - the weather over the period was moderate to cool погода в этот период колебалась от умеренной до прохладной указывает на изменение положения или достижение нового состояния и т. п.: в, до, на;
передается тж. глаголом - to go to sleep заснуть - to go to ruin разрушиться - to run to seed прорасти - to put smb. to flight обратить кого-л. в бегство - to tear smth. to pieces /to bits/ разорвать что-л. на куски - to burn to ashes сгореть дотла - to beat smb. to death избить кого-л. до смерти - to convert a warehouse to a dance-hall превратить склад в зал для танцев - it moved him to tears это растрогало его до слез - he grew to manhood он стал взрослым человеком указывает на меру наказания: к - to sentence smb. to prison приговорить кого-л. к тюремному заключению - to sentence smb. to death приговорить кого-л. к смерти /к смертной казни/ указывает на переход к другой теме разговора, к другому занятию и т. п.: к - now to the matter at hand теперь займемся нашим вопросом - he turned to the page he had marked он вернулся к странице, которую отметил - the conversation turned to painting разговор перешел на живопись указывает на начало действия: за - to fall /to set, to turn/ to smth. приниматься за что-л. - he turned to eating он принялся за еду указывает на цель: на, к, для, с целью - to this end с этой целью - to the end that с (той) целью чтобы;
для того чтобы - to no purpose напрасно, безрезультатно - a means to an end средство, ведущее к цели - with a view to your wellbeing заботясь о вашем благополучии - they came to our aid они пришли к нам на помощь - to come to dinner прийти к обеду /пообедать/ указывает на результат: к - to come to a conclusion прийти к выводу указывает на тенденцию, склонность, намерение: к - a tendency to smth. тенденция к чему-л. - to be given to smth. быть склонным к чему-л. указывает на предназначение: для, под - to be born to a bitter fate быть рожденным для горькой доли - to be born to a fortune родиться наследником несметных богатств - a horse bred to the plow лошадь, приученная к плугу /приученная пахать/ - a field planted to rice поле, отведенное /пущенное/ под рис;
поле, засеянное рисом указывает на возможность воздействия, незащищенность против воздействия чего-л.;
передается дат. падежом - open to criticism дающий пищу для критики - open to persuasion поддающийся убеждению - exposed to the sunlight подвергающийся действию солнца, незащищенный от солнца употребляется при выражении сравнения или сопоставления: в сравнении с, по сравнению с;
передается тж. дат. падежом - compared to... по сравнению с... - equal to smth. равный чему-л. - superior to smth. лучше, чем что-л.;
превосходящий что-л. - inferior to smth. хуже, чем что-л. - similar to smth. подобный чему-л.;
похожий на что-л. - to prefer coffee to tea предпочитать кофе чаю - he prefers listening to talking он больше любит слушать, чем говорить - this is nothing to what it might be это пустяки по сравнению с тем, что могло (бы) быть употребляется при выражении соотношения или пропорции: к, на - one to four один к четырем - ten votes to twenty десять голосов против двадцати - three goals to nil три - ноль( в футболе и т. п.) - the score was 7 to 9 счет был семь на девять - three parts flour to one part butter три части муки на одну часть масла (кулинарный рецепт) - three houses to the square mile три дома на квадратную милю - four apples to a pound четыре яблока на фунт, по фунту за четыре яблока - the chances are ten to one один шанс против десяти - 2 is to 4 as 4 is to 8 2 относится к 4 как 4 к 8 - it's hundred to one (that) it won't happen вероятность того, что это не случится /не произойдет/, не больше одной сотой употребляется при выражении соответствия чему-л.: по, на;
передается тж. дат. падежом - to my knowledge насколько я знаю;
насколько мне известно - to the best of me remembrance насколько я помню - to my mind /thinking/ по-моему - (not) to one's liking /taste/ (не) по вкусу кому-л. - made to order сделанный на заказ - words set to music слова, положенные на музыку - an opera to his own libretto опера по его собственному либретто - the novel is true to life роман правильно отражает жизнь - what tune is it sung to? на какой мотив это поется? - keep to the rules придерживайтесь правил употребляется при выражении (музыкального) сопровождения: под - to dance to the piano танцевать под рояль - to write to smb.'s dictation писать под чью-л. диктовку указывает на составную часть чего-л. или принадлежность к чему-л.: к, от, для;
передается тж. род. падежом - foreword to the book предисловие к книге - a key to a desk ключ от письменного стола - a frame to a picture рама для картины указывает на фазу процесса, аспект явления - there is no end to it этому нет конца - there is no exception to this rule из этого правила нет исключений указывает на контакт, близость( в адвербиальных оборотах с повторением существительного): к - face to face лицом к лицу - hand to hand бок о бок, рядом - shoulder to shoulder плечо к плечу - they stood man to man они стояли тесно /один к одному/ указывает на близость, тесное соприкосновение, а также прикрепление: к - with her hands to her eyes закрыв глаза руками - to be close to smb., smth. быть близко к кому-л., чему-л. - to tie smth. to smth. привязать что-л. к чему-л. - to fix smth. to smth. прикрепить что-л. к чему-л. - to clasp smb. to one's heart прижать кого-л. к сердцу - to fasten smth. to the wall прикрепить что-л. к стене - he held on to the rail with one hand одной рукой он держался за перила - the houses all had numbers to them на всех домах были написаны номера - he walked without shoes to his feet он шел босиком указывает на добавление, прибавление или сложение: к, с - put it to what you already have прибавьте /добавьте/ это к тому, что у вас уже есть - add five to the sum прибавьте к этой сумме пять - will you have sugar to your tea? вы будете пить чай с сахаром? указывает на родственные, служебные и др. отношения;
передается род. падежом - heir to an estate наследник имущества - ambassador to the King of Sweden посол при дворе шведского короля - interpreter to UNO переводчик ООН - secretary to the manager секретарь управляющего - apprentice to a tailor ученик портного - to be engaged to smb. быть помолвленным с кем-л. - she is mother to the child она мать этого ребенка - he has been a good father to them он был им хорошим отцом - Charles is brother to John Чарльз - брат Джона указывает на содержание или степень содержательности чего-л.: в - a book without much to it не слишком интересная книга;
книга так себе - there isn't much to it в этом нет ничего особенного /мудреного/;
это немногого стоит - there's nothing to it это проще простого, это проще пареной репы;
в этом нет никакой премудрости;
это яйца выеденного не стоит - that's all there is to it вот и все;
вот и вся недолга;
это очень просто - is there nothing more to civilization than a moral code? неужто( вся) цивилизация сводится к морали? указывает на время по часам: без - ten (minutes) to (two) без десяти (два) - (a) quarter to five без четверти пять указывает на отнесение к какому-л. времени в прошлом: к - a ceremony dating to the first century обряд, относящийся к первому веку указывает на (диалектизм) точное время: в - they were ready to three o'clock они были готовы к трем часам (бухгалтерское) указывает на отнесение суммы в дебет счета - to goods $100 100 долларов на товары /отнесение стоимости товаров в 100 долларов/ в дебет счета (устаревшее) указывает на использование в каком-л. качестве: как, в - he took her to wife он взял ее в жены - to call smb. to witness ссылаться на кого-л., призывать кого-л. в свидетели > from beginning to end от начала до конца > from east to west с востока на запад > from nine o'clock to twelve с девяти до двенадцати часов > from day to day изо дня в день > from dawn to dusk с восхода до заката, от зари до зари > count from one to ten считай(те) от одного до десяти > to go from bad to worse все (время) ухудшаться, становиться все хуже и хуже > to all appearances по всей видимости > to the contrary наоборот > to a T полностью, совершенно > that suits me to a T это меня полностью устраивает > to oneself в свое распоряжение, в своем распоряжении > I had a room to myself у меня была отдельная комната > he kept it to himself он ни с кем этим не делился (тж. перен.) > to tell smth. to smb.'s face сказать что-л. кому-л. (прямо) в лицо > to jump to one's feet вскочить на ноги > to be used to smth. привыкнуть к чему-л. > he was used to good food он привык хорошо питаться > he was used to getting up early он привык рано вставать > to horse! по коням! (команда) > to arms! к оружию! (команда) > would to God /to Heaven/! о господи! употребляется при инфинитиве - to go away would be to admit defeat уйти означало бы признать себя побежденным - he refused to come он отказался прийти - I asked him to come я просил его прийти - he was seen to enter the house видели, что он вошел в дом - she would like it to be true она бы хотела, чтобы это оказалось правдой - I'm ready to do it я готов сделать это - you're foolish to believe it глупо, что ты веришь этому - he was the first to come он пришел первым - they had no time to lose им нельзя было терять времени - I have a letter to write мне надо написать письмо - there's a lot to do дел (еще) очень много - there was not a sound to be heard не было слышно ни звука - he is not to be trusted ему нельзя доверять - that's good to eat вкусная штука /вещь/ - the room is pleasant to look at на комнату приятно посмотреть - write down the address not to forget it запишите адрес, чтобы не забыть его - we parted never to meet again мы расстались, чтобы никогда больше не встречаться - to hear him talk you would imagine that he's somebody послушать его - так можно подумать, что он важная персона - to tell the truth по правде говоря - this house is to let этот дом сдается (внаем) употребляется после ряда глаголов, чтобы избежать повторения инфинитива - tell him if you want to скажите ему, если хотите - take the money, it would be absurd not to возьмите деньги;
было бы нелепо отказываться от них assistant ~ the professor ассистент профессора become a party ~ принимать участие to begin( on ( или upon) smth.) брать начало( от чего-л.) ;
to begin over начинать сызнова;
well begun is half done посл. = хорошее начало полдела откачало to ~ at the beginning начинать с самого начала;
to begin at the wrong end начинать не с того конца end: to begin at the wrong ~ начать не с того конца to begin (on (или upon) smth.) брать начало (от чего-л.) ;
to begin over начинать сызнова;
well begun is half done посл. = хорошее начало полдела откачало belong absolutely ~ принадлежать полностью ~ bring ~ poverty довести до бедности;
to fall to decay( или ruin) разрушиться, прийти в упадок to cheat( on smb.) вести себя нечестно( по отношению к кому-л.: другу, партнеру, мужу и т. п.) ~ избежать( чего-л.) ;
to cheat the gallows избежать виселицы ~ занимать( чем-л.) ;
to cheat time коротать время;
to cheat the journey коротать время в пути ~ занимать (чем-л.) ;
to cheat time коротать время;
to cheat the journey коротать время в пути ~ prep указывает на предел движения, расстояния, времени, количества на, до: to climb to the top взобраться на вершину counter ~ противоречащий, противоположный( чему-л.) ~ prep под (аккомпанемент) ;
в (сопровождении) ;
to dance to music танцевать под музыку;
he sang to his guitar он пел под гитару ~ prep указывает на: связь между действием и ответным действием к, на;
to this he answered на это он ответил;
deaf to all entreaties глух ко всем просьбам ~ bring ~ poverty довести до бедности;
to fall to decay (или ruin) разрушиться, прийти в упадок ~ prep указывает на принадлежность (к чему-л.) или на прикрепление (к чему-л.) к;
to fasten to the wall прикрепить к стене;
key to the door ключ от двери give consideration ~ обсуждать give consideration ~ рассматривать ~ мошенничать;
обманывать;
he cheated me (out) of five dollars он надул меня на пять долларов he could be anywhere from 40 ~ 60 ему можно дать и 40 и 60 лет ~ prep передается род. падежом и указывает на отношения: родственные: he has been a good father to them он был им хорошим отцом ~ prep под (аккомпанемент) ;
в (сопровождении) ;
to dance to music танцевать под музыку;
he sang to his guitar он пел под гитару I am going ~ the University я иду в университет;
the windows look to the south окна выходят на юг I can't get the lid of the trunk quite ~ я не могу закрыть крышку сундука ~ prep указывает на сравнение, числовое соотношение или пропорцию перед, к;
3 is to 4 as 6 is to 8 три относится к четырем, как шесть к восьми it was nothing ~ what I had expected это пустяки в сравнении с тем, что я ожидал ~ prep указывает на принадлежность (к чему-л.) или на прикрепление (к чему-л.) к;
to fasten to the wall прикрепить к стене;
key to the door ключ от двери ~ prep указывает на лицо, по отношению к которому или в интересах которого совершается действие;
передается дат. падежом: a letter to a friend письмо другу ~ prep указывает на эмоциональное восприятие к;
to my disappointment к моему разочарованию;
to my surprise к моему удивлению ~ prep указывает на эмоциональное восприятие к;
to my disappointment к моему разочарованию;
to my surprise к моему удивлению object ~ возражать, протестовать( против чего-л.) ~ prep указывает на соответствие по, в;
to one's liking по вкусу a party was thrown ~ the children детям устроили праздник ten ~ one he will find it out девять из десяти за то, что он это узнает;
the score was 1 to 3 спорт. счет был 1: 3 ~ prep передается род. падежом и указывает на отношения: подчинения по службе: secretary to the director секретарь директора ~ (began;
begun) начинать(ся) ;
she began weeping( или to weep) она заплакала ten ~ one he will find it out девять из десяти за то, что он это узнает;
the score was 1 to 3 спорт. счет был 1: 3 ~ the minute минута в минуту;
с точностью до минуты there is an outpatient department attached ~ our hospital при нашей больнице есть поликлинника ~ prep указывает на: связь между действием и ответным действием к, на;
to this he answered на это он ответил;
deaf to all entreaties глух ко всем просьбам to ~ (on (или upon) smth.) браться( за что-л.) ~ (began;
begun) начинать(ся) ;
she began weeping (или to weep) она заплакала ~ начинать ~ начинаться ~ основывать ~ приступать ~ создавать to ~ at the beginning начинать с самого начала;
to begin at the wrong end начинать не с того конца to ~ with прежде всего, во-первых ~ жулик ~ жульничество ~ занимать (чем-л.) ;
to cheat time коротать время;
to cheat the journey коротать время в пути ~ избежать (чего-л.) ;
to cheat the gallows избежать виселицы ~ мошенник ~ мошенничать;
обманывать;
he cheated me (out) of five dollars он надул меня на пять долларов ~ мошенничать ~ мошенничество;
обман ~ мошенничество ~ обман ~ обманщик, плут;
topping cheat виселица ~ обманщик ~ обманывать ~ плут ~ самозванец ~ шулер to: (from Saturday) to Monday( с субботы) до понедельника ~ prep указывает на высшую степень (точности, аккуратности, качества и т. п.) до, в;
to the best advantage наилучшим образом;
в самом выгодном свете ~ prep указывает на цель действия на, для;
to the rescue на помощь;
to that end с этой целью ~ обманщик, плут;
topping cheat виселица ~ prep указывает на направление к, в, на;
the way to Moscow дорога в Москву;
turn to the right поверните направо turn: ~ поворачивать(ся) ;
обращаться;
повертывать(ся) ;
to turn to the right повернуть направо;
to turn on one's heel(s) круто повернуться( и уйти) ~ prep указывает на направление к, в, на;
the way to Moscow дорога в Москву;
turn to the right поверните направо ~ prep указывает на лицо, в честь которого совершается действие: we drink to his health мы пьем за его здоровье to begin (on (или upon) smth.) брать начало (от чего-л.) ;
to begin over начинать сызнова;
well begun is half done посл. = хорошее начало полдела откачало I am going ~ the University я иду в университет;
the windows look to the south окна выходят на юг

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > to
17 aguerrido

adj.

1 fierce, hardened.

2 inured to war, veteran.

past part.

past participle of spanish verb: aguerrir.

* * *

aguerrido

► participio pasado

1→ link=aguerrir aguerrir

► adjetivo

1 hardened

* * *

ADJ hardened, veteran

* * *

- da adjetivo < soldado> ( valiente) brave, valiant; ( experimentado) battle-hardened

* * *

= tough [tougher -comp., toughest -sup.], gallant, hardened, battle-hardened.

Ex. As educators, then, we need to ask ourselves some very tough questions -- some to which we would rather not hear the answers.

Ex. This was an untenable state of affairs and he made a gallant effort to secure librarians and library boards from the possibility of such suits.

Ex. There is a shift from considering children as innocent victims to viewing them as hardened criminals on a par with adults who commit similar acts.

Ex. The Ethiopian soldiers fighting in Somalia are part of a much larger military force that is battle-hardened by major cross-border wars.

* * *

- da adjetivo < soldado> ( valiente) brave, valiant; ( experimentado) battle-hardened

* * *

= tough [tougher -comp., toughest -sup.], gallant, hardened, battle-hardened.

Ex: As educators, then, we need to ask ourselves some very tough questions -- some to which we would rather not hear the answers.

Ex: This was an untenable state of affairs and he made a gallant effort to secure librarians and library boards from the possibility of such suits.

Ex: There is a shift from considering children as innocent victims to viewing them as hardened criminals on a par with adults who commit similar acts.

Ex: The Ethiopian soldiers fighting in Somalia are part of a much larger military force that is battle-hardened by major cross-border wars.

* * *

aguerrido -da

adjective

( lit)

A (valiente) valiant

logró vencer a su aguerrido oponente he succeeded in overcoming his valiant adversary

suspiraba por su apuesto y aguerrido príncipe she longed for her handsome and valorous prince

B ‹soldados/ejército› hardened, battle-hardened

* * *

Del verbo aguerrir: ( conjugate aguerrir)

aguerrido es:

el participio

aguerrido,-a adjetivo hardened, veteran
' aguerrido' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aguerrida
English:
gallant

* * *

aguerrido, -a adj
[experimentado] veteran;
soldados/tropas aguerridas battle-hardened soldiers/troops

* * *

aguerrido

adj brave, valiant

Spanish-English dictionary > aguerrido
18 avezado en la guerra

(adj.) = battle-hardened

Ex. The Ethiopian soldiers fighting in Somalia are part of a much larger military force that is battle-hardened by major cross-border wars.

* * *

(adj.) = battle-hardened

Ex: The Ethiopian soldiers fighting in Somalia are part of a much larger military force that is battle-hardened by major cross-border wars.

Spanish-English dictionary > avezado en la guerra
19 fogueado

adj.

experienced.

past part.

past participle of spanish verb: foguear.

* * *

ADJ

1) LAm [persona] expert, experienced; Méx [animal] trained

2) And (=cansado) weary

* * *

- da adjetivo (AmS fam) experienced

* * *

= battle-hardened.

Ex. The Ethiopian soldiers fighting in Somalia are part of a much larger military force that is battle-hardened by major cross-border wars.

* * *

- da adjetivo (AmS fam) experienced

* * *

= battle-hardened.

Ex: The Ethiopian soldiers fighting in Somalia are part of a much larger military force that is battle-hardened by major cross-border wars.

* * *

fogueado -da

adjective

( AmS fam) experienced

* * *

Del verbo foguear: ( conjugate foguear)

fogueado es:

el participio

fogueado
◊ -da adjetivo (AmS fam) experienced

* * *

fogueado, -a adj
[experimentado] experienced

Spanish-English dictionary > fogueado
20 viento a favor

(n.) = tailwind

Ex. It also happens that a crosswind causes a much larger deflection than does a headwind or tailwind of the same speed.

* * *

(n.) = tailwind

Ex: It also happens that a crosswind causes a much larger deflection than does a headwind or tailwind of the same speed.

Spanish-English dictionary > viento a favor

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